Search results for "Brain Damage"
showing 10 items of 108 documents
Functional anatomy of motor recovery after early brain damage
2004
Functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation were used to examine a 34 year-old right-handed patient, who, at the age of 6 years, had experienced sudden right hemiplegia, seizures, and stupor during a bout of measles encephalitis, followed by incomplete distal right motor recovery. Morphological MRI showed massive unilateral enlargement of the left ventricle, associated with extreme thinning of the white and gray matter, with partial preservation of the pyramidal tract. Functional MRI and transcranial magnetic stimulation revealed reorganization of the motor cortices, and integrity of the corticospinal pathway, respectively. Our findings indicate that complete…
Cognitive functioning after medial frontal lobe damage including the anterior cingulate cortex: A preliminary investigation
2006
Two patients with medial frontal lobe damage involving the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) performed a range of cognitive tasks, including tests of executive function and anterior attention. Both patients lesions extended beyond the ACC, therefore caution needs to be exerted in ascribing observed deficits to the ACC alone. Patient performance was compared with age and education matched healthy controls. Both patients showed intact intellectual, memory, and language abilities. No clear-cut abnormalities were noted in visuoperceptual functions. Speed of information processing was mildly reduced only in Patient 2 (bilateral ACC lesion). The patients demonstrated weak or impaired performance on…
Confabulation: damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system
2008
Confabulation, the pathological production of false memories, occurs following a variety of aetiologies involving the frontal lobes, and is frequently held to be underpinned by combined memory and executive deficits. However, the critical frontal regions and specific cognitive deficits involved are unclear. Studies in amnesic patients have associated confabulation with damage to the orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortices. However, neuroimaging studies have associated memory-control processes which are assumed to underlie confabulation with the right lateral prefrontal cortex. We used a confabulation battery to investigate the occurrence and localisation of confabulation in an unselect…
Recollection and familiarity in hippocampal amnesia
2008
Currently, there is a general agreement that two distinct cognitive operations, recollection and familiarity, contribute to performance on recognition memory tests. However, there is a controversy about whether recollection and familiarity reflect different memory processes, mediated by distinct neural substrates (dual-process models), or whether they are the expression of memory traces of different strength in the context of a unitary declarative memory system (unitary-strength models). Critical in this debate is the status of recognition memory in hippocampal amnesia and, in particular, whether the various structures in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) contribute differentially to the recol…
The temporal dynamics of postanoxic burst-suppression EEG.
2002
Burst-suppression EEG (BS-EEG) after cardiopulmonary resuscitation implies a bad prognosis, but little is known of the temporal dynamics of postanoxic BS-EEG. The authors studied 24 consecutive patients who developed BS-EEG within 24 hours after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and followed 20 of these patients with serial EEGs. Except for one patient, BS-EEG was followed by another EEG pattern within 1 day, mainly areactive alpha EEG (n = 6), isoelectric EEG (n = 5), generalized continuous epileptiform discharges (n = 4), or theta; EEG (n = 3). The coexistence of different EEG patterns in the same recording was seen in 10 patients. Serial recordings disclosed a variety of EEG sequences with …
Specific forms of neural activity associated with tactile space awareness
2002
Left tactile extinction, in which a left tactile stimulus fails to access consciousness only when a right stimulus is presented simultaneously, offers a model for studying tactile awareness from its transitory absence. Pairs of transcranial magnetic stimuli (TMS) on the parietal cortex inhibit contralateral tactile perception when separated by an interval of 1 ms. We have applied this technique on the left parietal cortex of right brain damaged (RBD) patients and normal subjects and have shown a selective lack of paired TMS inhibitory effects on right tactile perception of patients during bimanual stimulation. TMS effects were normal during unimanual right stimulation. These results suggest…
Subcutaneous interferon β-1a may protect against cognitive impairment in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 5-year follow-up of th…
2013
ObjectiveTo assess the effects of subcutaneous (sc) interferon (IFN) -1a on cognition over 5 years in mildly disabled patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).MethodsPatients aged 18-50 years with RRMS (Expanded Disability Status Scale score ≤4.0) who had completed the 3-year COGIMUS study underwent standardized magnetic resonance imaging, neurological examination, and neuropsychological testing at years 4 and 5. Predictors of cognitive impairment at year 5 were identified using multivariate analysis.ResultsOf 331 patients who completed the 3-year COGIMUS study, 265 participated in the 2-year extension study, 201 of whom (75.8%; sc IFN β-1a three times weekly: 44 µg, n = …
Brain Injured Patients versus Multiple Trauma Patients: Some Neurobehavioral and Psychopathological Aspects
2006
BACKGROUND: The study aims to describe the neurobehavioral and psychopathological disorders in road crash victims with cerebral lesions compared with multiple trauma sufferers with no brain damage. METHODS: This study compares the neuropsychological and psychopathological developments of two groups of road crash victims (25 severe brain injuries (SBI) and 25 multiple traumas (MULT)) on the basis of the Neurobehavioral Scale, the SCL 90-R and the State/Trait Anxiety Scale. RESULTS: On the basis of the Neurobehavioral Scale, it was clear that the SBI patients suffered from significantly more disorders of type factor 1 (self-appraisal and flexible thinking), factor II (withdrawal), factor III …
MR imaging of the brain: findings in asymptomatic patients with thalassemia intermedia and sickle cell-thalassemia disease.
1999
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spectrum of MR findings of the brain in asymptomatic patients affected with thalassemia intermedia or sickle cell-thalassemia disease to prevent brain damage by identifying patients at risk for stroke so that transfusional or pharmacologic treatment could be implemented.Forty-one asymptomatic patients who were younger than 50 years and were affected by minor hemoglobinopathies underwent MR imaging of the brain. Ischemic lesions were classified as small, medium, or large and as single or multifocal. Atrophic changes were graded subjectively as mild, moderate, or severe. A grade of brain damage was assigned to every patient. The frequency and seve…
Brain damage in hanging: A new CT finding
2000
We report a 23-year-old man who attempted suicide by hanging. There have been few reports of involvement of the brain parenchyma shown on CT, all showing ischaemic lesions. This is the first report of multifocal intracerebral haematomas due to hanging seen on CT.