Search results for "Causa"

The foundations of decision theory: An intuitive, operational approach with mathematical extensions

1985

A new axiomatic basis for the foundations of decision theory is introduced and its mathematical development outlined. The system combines direct intuitive operational appeal with considerable structural flexibility in the resulting mathematical framework.

Extracting Formal Models from Normative Texts

2016

Normative texts are documents based on the deontic notions of obligation, permission, and prohibition. Our goal is model such texts using the C-O Diagram formalism, making them amenable to formal analysis, in particular verifying that a text satisfies properties concerning causality of actions and timing constraints. We present an experimental, semi-automatic aid to bridge the gap between a normative text and its formal representation. Our approach uses dependency trees combined with our own rules and heuristics for extracting the relevant components. The resulting tabular data can then be converted into a C-O Diagram.

When can association graphs admit a causal interpretation?

1994

We discuss essentially linear structures which are adequately represented by association graphs called covariance graphs and concentration graphs. These do not explicitly indicate a process by which data could be generated in a stepwise fashion. Therefore, on their own, they do not suggest a causal interpretation. By contrast, each directed acyclic graph describes such a process and may offer a causal interpretation whenever this process is in agreement with substantive knowledge about causation among the variables under study. We derive conditions and procedures to decide for any given covariance graph or concentration graph whether all their pairwise independencies can be implied by some …

ALDEN, an Algorithm for Assessment of Drug Causality in Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Comparison With Case–Control Analysis

2010

Epidermal necrolysis (EN)--either Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic EN (TEN)--is a severe drug reaction. We constructed and evaluated a specific algorithm, algorithm of drug causality for EN (ALDEN), in order to improve the individual assessment of drug causality in EN. ALDEN causality scores were compared with those from the French pharmacovigilance method in 100 cases and the case-control results of the EuroSCAR study. Scores attributed by ALDEN segregated widely. ALDEN pointed to a "probable" or "very probable" causality in 69/100 cases as compared to 23/100 with the French method (P < 0.001). It scored "very unlikely" causality for 64% of medications vs. none with the French metho…

Impressing my friends: The role of social value in green purchasing attitude for youthful consumers

2021

Abstract Prior studies predominantly use cross-sectional designs to determine effects of pro-environmental beliefs on green purchasing attitudes, thereby limiting the possibility for causal inferences and examining mediation effects. We overcome these gaps by adopting a two-wave longitudinal design to test a moderated-mediation model that draws on consumer choice theory, positing that the effect of implicit pro-environmental beliefs on green purchasing attitudes is mediated by perceived social value from buying green, while the relationship between pro-environmental beliefs and perceived social value is moderated by perceived inconvenience of buying green. Findings from a sample of Polish y…

SCELTA E NECESSITÀ. LA RESPONSABILITÀ UMANA NELLE STORIE DI ERODOTO

The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

2018

Background Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested that depression could be associated with excess all-cause mortality across different settings and populations, although the causality of these associations remains unclear. Methods We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase electronic databases were searched through January 20, 2018. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses that investigated associations of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality were selected for the review. The evidence was g…

The creative class: do jobs follow people or do people follow jobs?

2017

Accepted manuscript version. Published version available in Regional Studies, DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2016.1254765 Regional adjustment models are applied to explore causal interaction between two types of people distinguished by educational attainment, and two types of jobs: creative class jobs and other jobs. Data used are for labour market regions in Finland, Norway and Sweden from the 2000s. Creative class jobs follow people with high educational attainment (one way causation), but creative class jobs also follow other jobs and vice versa (circular causation). The results suggest that stimulating creative class job growth could be accomplished through attracting people with higher educatio…

Stock earnings and bond yields in the US 1871–2017 : The story of a changing relationship

2021

Abstract Using historical data spanning almost 150 years, we examine whether there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between the stock's earnings and bond yields. The novelty of our econometric methodology consists in using a vector error correction model where we allow multiple structural breaks in the equilibrium relationship. The results of our analysis suggest the existence of an equilibrium relationship over 1871–1932 and 1958–2017. On the two historical segments, our analysis finds that the stock's earnings yield followed the bond yield in both the short run and long run, but not the other way around. Perhaps the most important and surprising finding of our empirical study is tha…

Main driving factors of the interest rate-stock market Granger causality

2017

Abstract This paper investigates the causal relationship between changes in the 10-year Treasury bond yield and the S&P 500 stock return in the United Sates with emphasis on time variation, stress factors and smooth regime transition. First, the time-varying Granger causality test proposed by Lu et al. (2014) is applied. Then a two-regime multifactor smooth transition regression model with a single transition variable representing a wide range of macroeconomic and financial variables is estimated in order to identify the key explanatory factors governing the causal relationship. The results show a significant bidirectional causal relationship over most of the study period, mainly due to the…