Search results for "Cell death"

Degeneration of moulting glands in male crickets

1998

The degeneration of the prothoracic glands of the male cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, was analyzed by using an in vitro assay for ecdysteroid release from the moulting glands in last instar nymphs as well as in adult animals, and correlated with light and transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis was examined by the TUNEL-reaction. The ability to synthesize ecdysteroids reached a peak at the 8th day of the last larval instar, identified as the moulting peak. After adult ecdysis it decreased to barely measurable values. Prothoracic gland degeneration was initiated at the time of the moulting peak, characterized by TUNEL positive reactions, nuclear and cytoplasmatic condensation, a striking …

Protective Effects of Foam Rolling against Inflammation and Notexin Induced Muscle Damage in Rats

2019

It is known that high-intensity exercise can cause inflammation and damage in muscle tissue, and in recent years, physical therapists and fitness professionals have begun to use foam rolling as a recovery method to improve performance. Despite the lack of basic science studies to support or refute the efficacy of foam rolling, the technique is very widely used in the sports world. In this respect, we investigated whether foam rolling could attenuate muscle damage and inflammation. Female Wistar rats were assigned to control (C), foam rolling (FR), notexin without foam rolling (N) and notexin with foam rolling (NFR) groups. A 4.5 x 2 cm foam roller was used to massage their hind legs (two 60…

Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate transfer of cytoplasmic neutrophil antigens to myeloid dendritic cells toward ANCA induction and associated au…

2012

AbstractAntineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) target proteins normally retained within neutrophils, indicating that cell death is involved in the autoimmunity process. Still, ANCA pathogenesis remains obscure. ANCAs activate neutrophils inducing their respiratory burst and a peculiar form of cell death, named NETosis, characterized by formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), decondensed chromatin threads decorated with cytoplasmic proteins endorsed with antimicrobial activity. NETs have been consistently detected in ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis, and this association prompted us to test whether the peculiar structure of NET favors neutrophil proteins uploading i…

Beta-amyloid monomers are neuroprotective

2009

The 42-aa-long β-amyloid protein—Aβ1-42—is thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Walsh and Selkoe, 2007). Data from AD brain (Shankar et al., 2008), transgenic APP (amyloid precursor protein)-overexpressing mice (Lesné et al., 2006), and neuronal cultures treated with synthetic Aβ peptides (Lambert et al., 1998) indicate that self-association of Aβ1-42monomers into soluble oligomers is required for neurotoxicity. The function of monomeric Aβ1-42is unknown. The evidence that Aβ1-42is present in the brain and CSF of normal individuals suggests that the peptide is physiologically active (Shoji, 2002). Here we show that synthetic Aβ1-42monomers support …

The effects of glutamate receptor antagonists on cerebellar granule cell survival and development.

2007

N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor stimulation promotes neuronal survival and differentiation under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. We studied the effects of various NMDA receptor antagonists acting at different NMDA receptor binding sites and non-NMDA receptor antagonists on the development and survival of cerebellar granule cell (CGC) culture. Only three of the drugs tested induced neurotoxicity-MK-801 (non-competitive NMDA channel blocking antagonist), ifenprodil (an antagonist of the NR2B site and polyamine site of the NMDA receptor) and L-701.324 (full antagonist at glycine site), while CGP-37849 (a competitive NMDA antagonist), (+)-HA-966 (a partial agonist of the glycine site…

2015

The NG2 proteoglycan is characteristically expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) and also by aggressive brain tumours highly resistant to chemo- and radiation therapy. Oligodendrocyte-lineage cells are particularly sensitive to stress resulting in cell death in white matter after hypoxic or ischemic insults of premature infants and destruction of OPC in some types of Multiple Sclerosis lesions. Here we show that the NG2 proteoglycan binds OMI/HtrA2, a mitochondrial serine protease which is released from damaged mitochondria into the cytosol in response to stress. In the cytosol, OMI/HtrA2 initiates apoptosis by proteolytic degradation of anti-apoptotic factors. OPC in which NG…

Routes to cell death in animal and plant kingdoms: from classic apoptosis to alternative ways to die—a review

2018

Programmed cell death is fundamental for multicellular organisms either in animal or plant kingdom. Classic apoptosis, which represents the best studied form of cell death, is dependent on caspase protease activity in animals. These proteases are not present in plants, where caspase-like activities, including metacaspases, are involved in the execution of plant cell death. Beyond apoptosis, various non-apoptotic forms of cell death also exist, including autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. These types of cell death can be activated independently of apoptosis and sometimes occur when apoptosis is inhibited. Non-apoptotic forms of cell death are best characterized in animals, …

Antagonistic roles for Ultrabithorax and Antennapedia in regulating segment-specific apoptosis of differentiated motoneurons in the Drosophila embryo…

2008

The generation of morphological diversity among segmental units of the nervous system is crucial for correct matching of neurons with their targets and for formation of functional neuromuscular networks. However, the mechanisms leading to segment diversity remain largely unknown. We report here that the Hox genes Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and Antennapedia (Antp) regulate segment-specific survival of differentiated motoneurons in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophilaembryos. We show that Ubx is required to activate segment-specific apoptosis in these cells, and that their survival depends on Antp. Expression of the Ubx protein is strongly upregulated in the motoneurons shortly before they undergo a…

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its soluble receptor support survival of sensory neurons

1999

The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has multiple functions in the immune and hematopoietic systems. IL-6 is related to ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a trophic factor for motoneurons, sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and other neuronal subpopulations. Both act via related receptor complexes, consisting of one ligand-specific α-receptor subunit (IL-6R and CNTFR, respectively) and two signal-transducing receptor components. Even though IL-6 is expressed by neurons and glia, the functions of IL-6 in the nervous system are poorly understood. Here, we report that exogenous human IL-6 promotes the survival of dissociated newborn rat DRG neurons in vitro if supplemented with soluble …

Glial and neuronal expression of polyglutamine proteins induce behavioral changes and aggregate formation inDrosophila

2004

Patients with polyglutamine expansion diseases, like Huntington's disease or several spinocerebellar ataxias, first present with neurological symptoms that can occur in the absence of neurodegeneration. Behavioral symptoms thus appear to be caused by neuronal dysfunction, rather than cell death. Pathogenesis in polyglutamine expansion diseases is largely viewed as a cell-autonomous process in neurons. It is likely, however, that this process is influenced by changes in glial physiology and, at least in the case of DRPLA glial inclusions and glial cell death, seems to be an important part in the pathogenesis. To investigate these aspects in a Drosophila model system, we expressed polyglutami…