Search results for "Cell type"
showing 10 items of 299 documents
Type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) and the vascular tree: from embryogenesis to aging and disease
2020
Highlights • Vascular development depends on the timely differentiation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells, that mutually influence their developmental fate. • Endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) compartments can mutually influence cell and tissue modifications during vascular aging and in vascular disease. • Keeping in mind that PDE5 is mainly expressed in VSMCs, we surveyed the literature on the role of PDE5 in vascular development, aging and disease. • Although most results have been obtained by PDE5 pharmacological inhibition, no data are available, to date, on vascular development, aging or disease following PDE5 genetic ablation.
Alkaline phosphatase dual-binding sites for collagen dictate cell migration and microvessel assembly in vitro
2020
Interactions between cell types, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components involved in angiogenesis are crucial for new vessel formation leading to tissue regeneration. This study investigated whether cocultures of fibroblasts and endothelial cells (ECs; from macro- or microvasculature) play a role in the formation of microvessel-like structures by ECs, as well as modulate fibroblast differentiation and growth factors production (vascular endothelial cell growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, active transforming growth factor-beta 1, and interleukin-8), which are important for vessel sprouting and maturation. Data obtained revealed that in vitro coculture systems of fibro…
Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Resveratrol in Ocular Diseases
2016
International audience; Resveratrol (3,4,5 trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is one of the best known phytophenols with pleiotropic properties. It is a phytoalexin produced by vine and it leads to the stimulation of natural plant defenses but also exhibits many beneficial effects in animals and humans by acting on a wide range of organs and tissues. These include the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, anti-cancer potential, neuroprotective effects, homeostasia maintenance, aging delay and a decrease in inflammation. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the main causes of deterioration of vision in adults in developed countries This review deals with resveratrol and ophthalmology by…
Exosomes derived from stimulated monocytes promote endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in vitro
2017
During the last few years, the scientific community interest on the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in physiology and pathophysiology of several human diseases has increased exponentially (1). These vesicles present the capability of transferring different kind of molecules (lipids, RNAs, DNA, protein…) between cells and may exert some effects on the cell phenotype. The content of these vesicles can vary depending on the cell type of origin (2). Although nowadays there is no consensus regarding the appropriate nomenclature, three well-known types of vesicles can be categorized on the basis of size and biogenesis: apoptotic bodies (>1 µm), microvesicles (150 nm–1 µm, budding from plasma…
Thymus-derived regulatory T cells are positively selected on natural self-antigen through cognate interactions of high functional avidity
2016
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing Foxp3 transcripton factor are essential for immune homeostasis. They arise in the thymus as a separate lineage from conventional CD4+Foxp3- T (Tconv) cells. Here, we show that the thymic development of Treg cells depends on the expression of their endogenous cognate self-antigen. The formation of these cells was impaired in mice lacking this self-antigen, while Tconv cell development was not negatively affected. Thymus-derived Treg cells were selected by self-antigens in a specific manner, while autoreactive Tconv cells were produced through degenerate recognition of distinct antigens. These distinct modes of development were associated with the expressi…
The Fate Choice Between Effector and Memory T Cell Lineages: Asymmetry, Signal Integration, and Feedback to Create Bistability
2018
Abstract CD8+ T cells clear primary infections with intracellular pathogens and provide long-term immunity against reinfection. Two different types of CD8+ T cells are responsible for these functions: short-lived effector T cells and memory T cells. The cellular relationship between these two types of CD8+ T cells has been subject to much investigation. Both cell types can derive from a single naive CD8+ T cell precursor. Their generation requires a fate choice early during a T cell response. As a result, two populations of T cells emerge. One of these consists of terminally differentiated short-lived effector T cells. The other contains cells able to develop into long-lived memory T cells.…
Mast cells crosstalk with B cells in the gut and sustain IgA response in the inflamed intestine.
2021
B lymphocytes are among the cell types whose effector functions are modulated by mast cells (MCs). The B/MC crosstalk emerged in several pathological settings, notably the colon of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients is a privileged site in which MCs and IgA+ cells physically interact. Herein, by inducing conditional depletion of MCs in red MC and basophil (RMB) mice, we show that MCs control B cell distribution in the gut and IgA serum levels. Moreover, in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated RMB mice, the presence of MCs is fundamental for the enlargement of the IgA+ population in the bowel and the increase of systemic IgA production. Since both conventional B-2 and peritoneal-deriv…
Cell-Type-Specific Responses to Interleukin-1 Control Microbial Invasion and Tumor-Elicited Inflammation in Colorectal Cancer.
2017
Summary Chronic inflammation drives the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Increased expression of interleukin (IL)-17A is associated with poor prognosis, and IL-17A blockade curbs tumor progression in preclinical models of CRC. Here we examined the impact of IL-1 signaling, a key regulator of the IL-17 pathway, in different cell types within the CRC microenvironment. Genetic deletion of the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1) in epithelial cells alleviated tumorigenesis in the APC model of CRC, demonstrating a cell-autonomous role for IL-1 signaling in early tumor seed outgrowth. T cell specific ablation of IL-1R1 decreased tumor-elicited inflammation dependent on IL-17 and IL-22, thereby reducing…
Lipid Mediators in the Regulation of Emotions, Memory, and Cognitive Functions
2017
This chapter aims at highlighting the diverse roles of endocannabinoids in the coordination of balanced neuronal activities, which finally set the basis for the organism’s characteristics to store and remember important and useful things, to forget non-useful things, and to cope with new challenges. Altogether, the fine-tuned regulation of these processes is crucial for optimal life and survival. The endocannabinoid system appears to be a central intrinsic homeostatic factor in the organism, modulating these processes. Receptors for (endo)cannabinoids are also targets for exogenous cannabinoids, putting also relevance of external substances in the interference with these processes. The gene…
The Drosophila Hox gene Ultrabithorax acts both in muscles and motoneurons to orchestrate formation of specific neuromuscular connections
2016
Hox genes are known to specify motoneuron pools in the developing vertebrate spinal cord and to control motoneuronal targeting in several species. However, the mechanisms controlling axial diversification of muscle innervation patterns are still largely unknown. We present data showing that the Drosophila Hox gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) acts in the late embryo to establish target specificity of ventrally projecting RP motoneurons. In abdominal segments A2 to A7, RP motoneurons innervate the ventrolateral muscles VL1-4, with VL1 and VL2 being innervated in a Wnt4-dependent manner. In Ubx mutants, these motoneurons fail to make correct contacts with muscle VL1, a phenotype partially resembling t…