Search results for "Chemical engineering"

Inorganic gels as precursors of TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by low temperature microwave or thermal treatment

2008

Abstract A simple procedure for preparing active TiO2 photocatalysts is presented. The starting materials were unusual TiO2 gels formed from TiCl4. The use of microwaves for a very short time enhanced the TiO2 crystallinity preventing an increase of particle size and minimizing the decrease of specific surface area. This result makes this preparation very attractive. The formation of the gels was monitored through measurements of viscosity. All the samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and BET specific surface area measurements. The photoactivity of the samples was evaluated using the photodegradation of 4-nitrophenol in liquid–solid regi…

Photocatalytic behaviour of metal-loaded TiO2 aqueous dispersions and films

2007

Abstract Titanium dioxide nanoparticles loaded with Ce, Co, Eu, Sm, W and Yb species were prepared by coprecipitation in mild conditions using TiCl 4 as precursor with the aim to enhance the photocatalytic activity, especially under visible light irradiation. The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific surface area (SSA) determination and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the powders of pure and loaded TiO 2 was investigated by employing the photodegradation of 4-nitrophenol as probe reaction in a liquid–solid system. Loading with suitable amounts of W, Co and Sm resulted in a significan…

Peracetylated β‐cyclodextrin as solubilizer of arylphosphines in supercritical carbon dioxide

2006

Abstract Effect of peracetylated β-cyclodextrin on the solubility of diphenyl(4-phenylphenyl)phosphine in supercritical carbon dioxide medium has been investigated. As shown by gravimetric measurements, the presence of cyclodextrin (CD) (1 equivalent) allows to increase the solubility of phosphine (P) in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) (40 °C, 35.2 MPa, nominal system density 0.89 g/mL). This solubility enhancement was attributed to host–guest interactions in scCO 2 as the P was recovered in the form of an inclusion complex. Furthermore, a diffuse reflectance spectroscopy study on the samples recovered after the experiments and on various CD/P solid mixtures obtained by co-grinding i…

Coupled Semiconductor Systems for Photocatalysis. Preparation and Characterization of Polycrystalline Mixed WO3/WS2 Powders

1999

Mixed WO3/WS2 powders were prepared by oxidation of WS2. The physical properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy; they were strongly dependent upon the time and temperature of oxidation. The chemical state and the elemental distribution of the sample surface were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photocatalytic results have showed that the aqueous suspensions of the mixed WO3/WS2 systems have significantly higher activities than pure WS2 and WO3 for the photodegradation of phenol. The enhanced performance can be related to the presence of heterojunctions WO3/WS2 on the single parti…

Diffusional kinetics of metalliding zinc into solid copper

1982

The process of incorporation of zinc into a copper cathode has been experimentally studied in a molten salt system at 381±2° C and at various current densities. The process is shown to be kinetically controlled by the diffusion of Zn into the solid matrix. A galvanostatic pulse titration technique has been used to determine the chemical diffusion coefficient at various alloy compositions, and an exponential relationship has been found between the diffusivity and the third power of the zinc concentration in the alloy. This relationship was then used in the diffusion equation within the solid matrix and a numerical integration was performed. Very good agreement was found between the calculate…

2020

Epoxy resin plays a key role in composite matrices and DGEBA is the major precursor used. With the aim of favouring the use of bio resources, epoxy resins can be prepared from lignin. In particular, diglycidyl ether of isoeugenol derivatives are good candidates for the replacement of DGEBA. This article presents an effective and eco-friendly way to prepare epoxy resin derived from isoeugenol (BioIgenox), making its upscale possible. BioIgenox has been totally characterized by NMR, FTIR, MS and elemental analyses. Curing of BioIgenox and camphoric anhydride with varying epoxide function/anhydride molar ratios has allowed determining an optimum ratio near 1/0.9 based on DMA and DSC analyses a…

The reduction mechanism of the CO group.

2001

A detailed study of the electrochemical reduction of benzil in aqueous medium between H0=−5 and pH 11 is presented. A global 2e−, 3H+ or 2e−, 2H+ surface reaction leads to cis and trans endiols. Analysis, using the theory of the square schemes with protonations at equilibrium, shows that in all the pH range the reaction is controlled by the second electron uptake, the paths being successively H+, e− and e−, H+. The electrochemical reaction is followed by surface isomerizations whose rate constants vary from 7 to 200 s−1 for the trans/cis and from 1 to 2000 s−1 for the cis/trans transformations.

New structural motifs in Mn cluster chemistry from the ketone/gem-diol and bis(gem-diol) forms of 2,6-di-(2-pyridylcarbonyl)pyridine: {MnII4MnIII2} a…

2016

The employment of the tripyridyl/diketone ligand 2,6-di-(2-pyridylcarbonyl)pyridine [(py)CO(py)CO(py)], in conjunction with azides (N3−), in Mn cluster chemistry has afforded the mixed-valence (II/III) complexes [MnII4MnIII2(N3)6Cl4(L1)2(DMF)4] (1) and [MnII4MnIII6O2(N3)12(L1)2(L2H)2(DMF)6] (2) in good yields. The resulting ligands L12− and L2H3− are the dianion and trianion of the ketone/gem-diol (L1H2) and bis(gem-diol) (L2H4) forms of (py)CO(py)CO(py), respectively, as derived from the metal-assisted hydrolysis of the parent dicarbonyl organic compound. Under the same synthetic conditions (i.e., reaction solvents, temperature and stirring time), the chemical identity of the two complexes…

Determination of Individual Gibbs Energies of Anion Transfer and Excess Gibbs Energies Using an Electrochemical Method Based on Insertion Electrochem…

2011

A method is presented to determine, individually and with minimal extra-thermodynamic assumptions, the Gibbs energy for anion transfer between two solvents using solid state electrochemistry of alkynyldiphosphine dinuclear Au(I) complexes (AuC2R)2PPh2C6H4PPh2 (L1, R = Fc; L2, R = C6H4Fc) and the heterometallic Au(I)–Cu(I) [{Au3Cu2(C2R)6}Au3(PPh2C6H4PPh2)3](PF6)2 (L3, R = Fc; L4, R = C6H4Fc) cluster complexes containing ferrocenyl units. These compounds exhibit a well-defined, essentially reversible solid-state oxidation in contact with different electrolytes, based on ferrocenyl-centered oxidation processes involving anion insertion. Voltammetric data can be used for a direct measurement of…

Elektrooptische Emissionsuntersuchungen, III. Das Dipolmoment von trans-p-Dimethylamino-p′-nitrostilben im ersten angeregten Singulettzustand

1977

Aus elektrooptischen Emissions- und Absorptionsuntersuchungen in flussigen und glasig erstarrten Losungen kombiniert mit dielektrischen Untersuchungen konnten u. a. das Dipolmoment und die Polarisierbarkeitskomponente in Richtung des Dipolmoments von trans-p-Dimethylamino-p′-nitrostilben (DMANS) im ersten angeregten Singulettzustand bestimmt werden zu μ0a = (63 ± 5) · 10−30 Cm und α0az = (442 ± 65) · 10−40 CV−1 m2. Es zeigte sich, das die elektrooptischen Absorptions- und Emissionsuntersuchungen an DMANS in unpolaren Losungen zu einem konsistenten Satz von Dipolmomenten fuhren, das also die Aquilibrierung mit der Umgebung nach Anre-gung im unpolaren Cyclohexan keinen Einflus auf das permane…