Search results for "Climate"
showing 10 items of 4934 documents
Biogeography of soil microbial communities: a review and a description of the ongoing french national initiative
2010
International audience; Microbial biogeography is the study of the distribution of microbial diversity on large scales of space and time. This science aims at understanding biodiversity regulation and its link with ecosystem biological functioning, goods and services such as maintenance of productivity, of soil and atmospheric quality, and of soil health. Although the initial concept dates from the early 20th century (Beijerinck (1913) De infusies en de ontdekking der backterien, in: Jaarboek van de Knoniklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Muller, Amsterdam), only recently have an increasing number of studies have investigated the biogeographical patterns of soil microbial diversity. A such …
Soil DNA evidence for altered microbial diversity after long-term application of municipal wastewater
2010
International audience; Water resources constitute a social, agricultural and economic problem in most countries of the southern Mediterranean Basin. Alternative strategies have been developed such as the reuse of municipal wastewater for irrigation in agriculture. Despite numerous advantages for soil fertility and crop productivity, recycling wastewater in soils also has several ecotoxicological and sanitary problems. Few investigations have assessed the risk by evaluating the impact of wastewater irrigation on soil microbes. Here, we report for the first time the short- and long-term effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on the density and genetic structure of bacterial and f…
Affinage et qualite du gruyere de Comte. V. Influence de l'affinage sur la teneur en composes volatils
1987
Vingt-quatre fromages de type Gruyere de Comte ont ete analyses. Ces fromages proviennent d'une meme fromagerie et correspondent a 6 groupes de 4 fromages issus d'une meme fabrication, a savoir, 3 fabrications d'hiver et 3 fabrications d'ete. Les 4 fromages sont affines dans 4 caves differentes. 103 composes ont ete identifies avec certitude, appartenant aux classes de composes suivantes: des hydrocarbures aliphatiques et terpeniques, des methylcetones saturees et insaturees, des aldehydes satures, des alcools primaires et secondaires satures, des esters et des lactones. Une analyse de variance univariable montre que l'effet saison est preponderant, ce qui est confirme par une analyse en co…
Bridging microbial community ecology and ecosystem functioning
2014
Microbial communities have a central role in many ecosystem functions such as biogeochemical cycling. Large variation in N-fluxes has been widely documented, mirroring the complexity of the underlying mechanisms. However, application of molecular biology approaches during the last decade has given the opportunity to look beyond these fluxes and to study the genetic and the ecology of the microorganisms involved in N-cycling. In this talk, I will give examples of a trait-centered approach for bridging microbial community ecology, microbial processes and ecosystem functioning.
Sensitivity of water quality of three contrasted north-eastern French watersheds to climate change (2006-2100) using SWAT model
2015
International audience; The SWAT model has been chosen to assess climate change impacts on water quality of three subbassins ofnorth-eastern France: located on headwaters of three major rivers of France (Loire, Seine and Rhône riversrespectively). These watersheds have a size less than 3000km² and present different hydrogeological andgeological characteristics. Land-use as well as their agricultural practices being also diversified, the threewatersheds studied constitute a relevant experimentation area. The goal of this study is to assess local vulnerability of surface water quality (sediments, nutrients,dissolved oxygen loads) to climate change (2006-2100) following the Representative Conc…
Regional projection of winter frost risk on a legume crop due to warming in a temperate climate
2022
International audience; Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important annual legume crop grown in temperate regions for its high seed nitrogenconcentration and environmental benefits. In the recent climate warming, a subtle evolution of the winter cropfrost risk was observed: a paradoxical increase of frost stress events and a frost stress intensity decrease (Castel etal. 2017). Such results are questioning the future winter frost risk for peas. We assessed the winter frost damageevolution along 2006 to 2100 in Burgundy-Franche-Comté (a French region - western part of Europe). The approachis based on the combination of i) a dynamical downscaled climate data of two RCP trajectories (4.5 and 8.5) (B…
Impact of stresses associated to climate changes on natural and induced grapevine resistance to pathogens
2013
France is a worldwide leader in grape production and has to face global changes including climate evolution and transitions towards sustainable systems of production. One major problem in viticulture is indeed the high susceptibility of most of the grown cultivars to cryptogamic diseases, such as downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). Maintaining a satisfactory health status of grapevine currently requires numerous fungicide treatments. However, in an objective of sustainable viticulture, there is increasing societal request, winegrower awareness, and political incitation to reduce this use of pesticides. For these reasons, alternative strategies of protection are currently investigated at the…
Exploring architectural traits and ecophysiological responses in soybean under heat and water stress: implications for climate change adaptation
2023
In the context of climate change, characterized by increasingly frequent droughts and heat waves, it is anticipated that the global soybean yields, the most extensively grown legume, will experience a significant decline in the foreseeable future.. There is thus an urgent need to improve its ability to maintain growth and productivity under such conditions. The objective of this study was to explore which plant traits make soybeans more resilient to heat and/or water stress, with a focus on plant architecture. For this purpose, two soybean genotypes, already shown to have contrasted root architecture (Maslard et al., 2021) were grown under controlledconditions in the high-throughput phenoty…
Ecophysiological processes underlying mineral nutrition of soybean under individual or combined heat and water stresses
2023
In a context of climate change, with more frequent drought events and heatwaves, it is predicted that soybean yields will drastically decrease in the near future. Soybean being the most widely grown legume crop in the world, there is an urgent need to improve its ability to sustain its growth under such conditions in order to guarantee high levels of productivity. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of heat and/or water stress on soybean growth and its water and mineral nutritions. Two soybean genotypes, displaying contrasted root architectures during their vegetative stage were grown under controlled conditions in the 4PMI high-throughput phenotyping platform where either op…
Soil organic carbon storage capacity of old and modern wheat varieties
2022
Despite the possible mitigation of carbon emissions by favoring carbon transfer to terrestrial carbon sinks, little is knownabout the capacity of different crop genotypes to enhance soil carbon sequestration. We hypothesize that carbon sequestrationpotential linked to old wheat varieties (released before 1960) is higher than the one linked to modern ones while old varietiesare known to develop bigger and deeper root systems. Moreover, modern varieties are often cultivated using syntheticchemical inputs known to modify soil carbon dynamics. We conducted a field experiment by cultivating four modern andfour old wheat varieties, with and without chemical inputs (nitrogen, herbicide and fungici…