Search results for "Communautés"

Impact of the community structure on the dynamics of complex networks

2023

Networks are everywhere. We encounter them daily in our lives, through our social interactions, how we come up with decisions in our brain, to having phone calls, conducting financial transactions, and traveling from one place to another. Individual actions are influenced by their environment, which is, in turn, influenced by the network's topology. Notably, individuals may change their actions, ideas, or opinions to conform to the aspirations of a particular social group. In the same vein, the spread of a virus can take a certain course if the network's structure induces specific pathways for expansion. In such scenarios, communities substantially impact the evolution of the dynamics. They…

Mutualistic tree-frugivore interactions in Afrotropical forests : from local ecological knowledge to the identification of network interaction patter…

2022

Frugivory in tropical forests is a major ecological process, as most tree species rely on frugivores for their dispersion, and numerous animal species used fruits as their principal sources of food. However, frugivory networks between plants and animals in Afrotropical forests are poorly described, and the mechanisms shaping them remain largely unexplored. This PhD thesis addresses a structural approach of the frugivory network, a plant-community approach and a methodological approach using local ecological knowledge and cameras.The first chapter describes the frugivory network of Afrotropical forests, based on a compilation of frugivory interactions from the literature that comprised >10,0…

La situation actuelle de la protection du droit à la terre de las communautés 'quilombolas' et futurs défis

2016

Resumo: A construção da nação brasileira atravessou o período da escravidão, que, ao desaparecer, não incluiu o negro de maneira efetiva na sociedade. Desde o final do século XX, as reivindicações desses grupos se tornaram frequentes, gerando uma política compensatória, refletida no contexto legislativo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é examinar a efetividade do direito das comunidades quilombolas aos títulos das terras por elas habitadas. Para isso, a proposta de Emenda Constitucional 215/2000 será analisada. Abstract: The construction of the Brazilian nation went through the period of slavery. Once it was abolished, black people were not included effectively in society. Since the …

Deciphering Biotic Interactions and Their Role in Soil Microbial Community Assembly and Functions

2022

Microbial communities play a key role in ecosystem functioning as well as in plant, animal, and human welfare. Their assembly relies on different processes commonly referred to as abiotic and biotic filters. Despite the widespread emphasis on abiotic filters in terrestrial ecosystems, a growing body of evidence suggests that interactions between microorganisms play a critical role in community assembly. However, the contribution of these interactions to microbial community assembly and the factors influencing them have not been clearly established. In most cases, biotic interactions between microorganisms have been investigated based on cocultures of a handful of strains, completely overloo…

La vie montagnarde en Faucigny à la fin du Moyen Âge. Économie et société, fin XIIIe-début XVIe siècle

2001

Info-communicationnal approach of medical cannabis self-medication : analysis of figures mobilized in knowledge legitimation within a community dedic…

2022

This thesis proposes an infocommunicational approach to self-medication with medical cannabis. We question the logic of knowledge legitimization in a context where the coercive power of the French state is exercised. We seek to understand how the use of cannabis is determined in a radically constrained legislative framework, for users in a recreational or self-medication approach, but also for doctors and patients in a medical approach. To do this, we analyze the processes of knowledge legitimization that allow the development of practical know-how allowing individuals to consume cannabis in a self-medication approach within clandestine health communities of practice, supported by participa…

Découverte et analyse des communautés implicites par une approche sémantique en ligne : l'outil WebTribe

2012

With the rise of Web 2.0 and collaborative technologies that are attached to,the Web has now become a broad platform of exchanges between users. The majorityof websites is now dedicated to social interactions of their users, or offerstools to develop these interactions. Our work focuses on the understanding of theseexchanges, as well as emerging community structures arising, through a semanticapproach. To meet the needs of web analysts, we analyze these community structuresto identify their essential characteristics as their thematic centers and centralcontributors. Our semantic analysis is mainly based on reference light ontologiesto define several new metrics such as the temporal semantic…

Territories linking places and communities in the transition to sustainable development

2014

Relation entre transitivité et structure de communauté dans les réseaux complexes

2011

The relation between community structure and other topological properties in complex networks, has not been analyzed clearly. In this preliminary study, we explore experimentally the potential link between transitivity and community structure. We study the evolution of transitivity based on the quality of the community structure on artificially generated networks. Then we observe the evolution of community structure according to transitivity value. The results show a relationship between high transitivity and community structure. Additional analytical work is needed to identify the exact nature of this relationship.

Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on soil organic matter dynamics assessed by the biogeochemical characterisation of soluble organic matter

2014

Soils are the greatest reservoir of C on the continents, and organic matter mineralisation bymicrobial activity represents the major part of the CO2 emitted by terrestrial ecosystems.In this work, we studied water-extractable organic matter (WEOM), which corresponds to themore reactive fraction of soil organic matter (SOM). Our objectives were (i) to identify therelationships of WEOM dynamics with bacterial communities, and with soil physico-chemicalparameters; (ii) to provide a precise chemical characterisation of WEOM.There is a strong link between SOM solubility and the structure of bacterial communities, andan erosion of their diversity has an impact on SOM and WEOM dynamics, and leads …