Search results for "DEMAND"
showing 10 items of 759 documents
Improving membrane photobioreactor performance by reducing light path: operating conditions and key performance indicators
2020
[EN] Microalgae cultivation has been receiving increasing interest in wastewater remediation due to their ability to assimilate nutrients present in wastewater streams. In this respect, cultivating microalgae in membrane photobioreactors (MPBRs) allows decoupling the solid retention time (SRT) from the hydraulic retention time (HRT), which enables to increase the nutrient load to the photobioreactors (PBRs) while avoiding the wash out of the microalgae biomass. The reduction of the PBR light path from 25 to 10 cm increased the nitrogen and phosphorus recovery rates, microalgae biomass productivity and photosynthetic efficiency by 150, 103, 194 and 67%, respectively.The areal biomass product…
Competition and inflation differentials in EMU
2008
In a monetary union, inflation rate differentials may be substantial over the business cycle. This paper parameterizes a two-country monetary union in which different economic structures in the two countries generate temporary inflation differentials. Cross-country differences are introduced in (i) the elasticity of demand in the goods markets, which cause producers to discriminate prices, (ii) the degree of price inertia and (iii) the degree of openness or preference for foreign goods in consumption. The model is calibrated to reproduce two average large EMU countries and it is able to generate such inflation differentials. We find the mechanism of price discrimination quantitatively more …
Quantum macroeconomics: A tribute to Bernard Schmitt
2016
Bernard Schmitt, the founder of quantum macroeconomics, died on 26 March 2014. His legacy concerns the discovery of the logical laws of monetary macroeconomics and extends to the explanation of the origin and nature of economic and financial crises. Starting from a novel conception of bank money, he was able to show that economics is founded on true macroeconomic laws, which take the form of logical identities. This paper is a brief and necessarily incomplete introduction to the main themes of Schmitt's macroeconomic analysis. It ranges from the distinction between money and income that lies at the hearth of his theory of the circuit, to the investigation of inflation and unemployment as pa…
A Long Term View on the Short Term Co-movement of Output and Prices in a Small Open Economy
2012
- One assumption behind inflation targeting as objective for monetary policy is that inflation rates in the short run to some extent reflect output cycles. The present paper investigates the historical co-movements of output and prices for a small open raw material based economy, in this case Norway 1830 – 2006. Looking at contemporaneous movements we find more often negative correlations between the two variables than positive. The correlations do not give any evidence of causality. However, they may indicate that supply side shocks, often caused by the foreign sector, were more important for historical output cycles in Norway than assumed hitherto
Effects of Fiscal Stimulus in Structural Models
2010
The paper assesses, using seven structural models used heavily by policymaking institutions, the effectiveness of temporary fiscal stimulus. Models can, more easily than empirical studies, account for differences between fiscal instruments, for differences between structural characteristics of the economy, and for monetary-fiscal policy interactions. Findings are: (i) There is substantial agreement across models on the sizes of fiscal multipliers. (ii) The sizes of spending and targeted transfers multipliers are large. (iii) Fiscal policy is most effective if it has some persistence and if monetary policy accommodates it. (iv) The perception of permanent fiscal stimulus leads to significant…
Optimizing the level of service quality of a bike-sharing system
2016
Public bike-sharing programs have been deployed in hundreds of cities worldwide, improving mobility in a socially equitable and environmentally sustainable way. However, the quality of the service is drastically affected by imbalances in the distribution of bicycles among stations. We address this problem in two stages. First, we estimate the unsatisfied demand (lack of free lockers or lack of bicycles) at each station for a given time period in the future and for each possible number of bicycles at the beginning of the period. In a second stage, we use these estimates to guide our redistribution algorithms. Computational results using real data from the bike-sharing system in Palma de Mall…
Insights on Partial Information Sharing in Supply Chain dynamics
2015
This paper provides an assessment of partial Information Sharing (IS) in Supply Chain (SC). We study the dynamics of collaborative multi-echelon structure, characterized by an increasing level of information visibility among partners. To do so, we mathematically model six four-echelon serial SCs via difference equations and conduct numerical simulations on the basis of a robust design of experiment. Results shows how (1) as the extent of IS increases, the performance of whole SC improves as well, and (2) the impact of IS depends not on which particular members are involved but on the number of collaborative members.
Understanding the shortcomings of commodity-based technology in input-output models: an economic-circuit approach
2004
International audience; The Make-Use Model serves as a basis for most national accounting systems as the System of National Accounts (SNA) and is acknowledged as the most suitable model for interregional analysis. Two hypotheses are traditionally made featuring either industry-based technologies (IBT) or commodity-based technologies (CBT). While industry-based technologies can be easily interpreted in terms of a demand-driven economic circuit, it will be shown that: (1) commodity-based technologies cannot be interpreted as a demand-driven economic circuit because this involves computing the inverse of a matrix (the matrix of industry output proportions), which is either impossible or genera…
On the Bullwhip Avoidance Phase: supply chain collaboration and order smoothing
2009
This paper provides an assessment of the impact of collaboration and smoothing replenishment rules on supply chain operational performance and customer service level. Three supply chain configurations (i.e. Traditional, Information Exchange and Synchronised) in which orders are generated by smoothing (S, R) inventory control policies are studied for different proportional controllers. A supply chain stress test is performed through a sudden and intense change in demand. A structured and extended supply chain assessment framework is adopted. The main conclusions of this paper are the following. (i) The impact of Supply Chain Collaboration on overall supply chain performance is greater than t…
Note about the concept of ‘Net Multipliers'
2002
International audience; Net multipliers, as introduced by Oosterhaven and Stelder (2002) accept outputs as entries instead of final demand. They are found by multiplying ordinary multipliers by the final demand ratio over the sector's output. This pragmatic solution suffers from ratio instability over time. The alternative net multipliers proposed here are based on the interpretation of the Leontief inverse matrix for the effects generated at each round. The new solution is not sensitive to the size of impacts. Now net multiplier is equal to the corresponding ordinary multiplier minus one, and the ordering of multipliers is unchanged.