Search results for "DIMER"
showing 10 items of 558 documents
Tetraurea calix[4]arenes with sulfur functions: synthesis, dimerization to capsules, and self-assembly on gold.
2007
Various calix[4]arene derivatives, fixed in the cone conformation by decylether groups and functionalized at their wide rim by urea residues, were synthesized. In two compounds (4f,g) sulfur functions were attached to the urea groups via different spacers in order to allow binding to metal surfaces. While they exist as single molecules in polar solvents, tetraurea calix[4]arenes of this type (4) combine to form dimeric capsules in aprotic, apolar solvents. A solvent molecule is usually included in such a capsule, if no guest with a higher affinity is present. In the presence of an equimolar amount of the tetratosylurea 5, the exclusive formation of heterodimers, consisting of one molecule o…
Discovery of an Extended Austinoid Biosynthetic Pathway in Aspergillus calidoustus
2017
Filamentous fungi produce a wide range of natural products that are commonly used in various industrial contexts (e.g., pharmaceuticals and insecticides). Meroterpenoids are natural products of interest because of their various biological activities. Among the meroterpenoids, there is a group of insecticidal compounds known as the austinoids. These compounds have also been studied because of their intriguing spiro-lactone ring formation along with various modifications. Here, we present an extension of the original austinol/dehydroaustinol biosynthesis pathway from Aspergillus nidulans in the recently identified filamentous fungus Aspergillus calidoustus. Besides the discovery and elucidati…
The Selective Regulation of αVβ1 Integrin Expression Is Based on the Hierarchical Formation of αV-containing Heterodimers
2002
The integrin beta1 subunit can form a heterodimer with 12 different alpha subunits. According to the present model, the expression level of any alphabeta complex is regulated by the availability of the specific alpha subunit, whereas beta1 subunit is constantly present in a large excess. The expression of several heterodimers containing the alphaV subunit seems to be regulated by an identical mechanism. The fact that many cells express alphaVbeta1 heterodimer, and that this fibronectin/vitronectin receptor may be selectively regulated, compromises the present model of the regulation of beta1 and alphaV integrins. We have tried to solve this problem by assuming that distinct alphabeta hetero…
Ring size control in diorganotin sulphides by intramolecular SnN coordination
1992
Abstract The synthesis of intramolecularly coordinated organotin sulphides, [(Me2N CH2CH2CH2)2SnS]n (1) and [Me2NCH2CH2CH2Sn(Ph)S]n (2), is described. Compounds 1 and 2 are dimers in chloroform solution (n = 2). Compound 1 forms a centrosymmetric dimer with a planar rectangular Sn2S2 four-membered ring in its centre. The tin atoms show a distorted trans-cis-cis octahedral coordination by 2C, 2N and 2S. The tin-nitrogen distances are 2.810(3) and 3.158(5) A. Compound 1 can be regarded as a model substance for nucleophilic attack at penta-coordinate tin centres. Although the degree of intramolecular coordination of nitrogen to tin is temperature dependent, the four-membered Sn2Sn2 ring remain…
Artemisinin derivatives induce iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis) in tumor cells
2015
Abstract Background Apoptosis and other forms of cell death have been intensively investigated in the past years to explain the mode of action of synthetic anticancer drugs and natural products. Recently, a new form of cell death emerged, which was termed ferroptosis, because it depends on intracellular iron. Here, the role of genes involved in iron metabolism and homeostasis for the cytotoxicity of ten artemisinin derivatives have been systematically investigated. Material and methods Log10IC50 values of 10 artemisinin derivatives (artesunate, artemether, arteether, artenimol, artemisitene, arteanuin B, another monomeric artemisinin derivative and three artemisinin dimer molecules) were co…
Oxidative DNA damage induced by visible light in mammalian cells: extent, inhibition by antioxidants and genotoxic effects
1998
The extent of the indirect DNA damage generated in mammalian cells by visible light because of the presence of endogenous photosensitizers was studied by means of repair endonucleases. In immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) exposed to low doses of natural sunlight, the yield of oxidative DNA base modifications sensitive to the repair endonuclease formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg protein) generated by this indirect mechanism was 10% of that of pyrimidine dimers (generated by direct DNA excitation). A similar yield of Fpg-sensitive modifications, which include 8-hydroxyguanine, was observed in primary keratinocytes. The relative yield of oxidative base modifications decreas…
Characterization of the laccase-mediated oligomerization of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid
2016
Modifying inert poly(ethersulfone) membranes using laccase has proven to be an environmentally benign and easily applicable process to alter the membrane's surface properties. By this method phenolic acid monomers such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid are grafted from the membrane surface to make it anti-fouling. In order to enhance the anti-fouling capabilities even further it is important to study the molecular details of this reaction. However, the nature of the products of laccase modification, either on a surface or in solution, has been studied only poorly. In this paper we report the formation of C3–C3′, C3–O and C1–C3′ linked dimers as the first products of the solution-phase laccase-mediat…
Ethane-Bridged Zinc-Porphyrin Dimers in Langmuir-Shäfer Thin Films: Structural and Spectroscopic Properties
2006
This work reports on the structural and spectroscopic properties of ethane-bridged Zn porphyrin dimers (1) in Langmuir-Scha¨fer (LS) thin films by combining scanning force microscopy (SFM) with film balance, UV-vis absorption, fluorescence, and nanosecond laser flash photolysis measurements. Results show that depending on the surface pressure the Langmuir films of pure 1 can be arranged in two different condensed phases, whereas SFM of the LS films shows characteristic fractal networks constituted by nanoscopic aggregates. The spectral findings agree with a picture in which 1 is apparently present in the anti conformation but aggregated in a sort of H-type structure whose optical features r…
Dimer complexes of 2,4-toluenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (2,4-TDTA) with copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), zinc(II) and manganese(II). Stud…
1997
Abstract Potentiometric investigations in aqueous solution at 25°C and ionic strength 0.1 mol dm−3 KCl show that 2 2,4-toluenediamine-N,N,N′N′-tetraacetic acid (2,4-TDTA) forms with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) the following complexes (ligand, H4L): monomers [MH2L], [MHL]− and [ML]2−; dimers [M2HL2]3− and [M2L2]4−; with excess of ligand [MH2L2]4−, [MHL2]5− and [ML2]6− (Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)) and with excess of metal [M2HL]+ (Ni(II), Co(II)and Mn(II) and [M2L] (Cu(II)). The formation constants of the complexes have been determined. The species distribution diagrams indicate that a concentrated solution with a ligand:metal ratio 1:1 at pH 6 is suitable for the synthesis of cr…
A novel dinuclear manganese(II) compound incorporating two bis(imidazolyl) based ligands with single μ2-η1:η1-carboxylato bridges. Molecular and crys…
2014
Abstract This paper reports the synthesis, X-ray structure and magnetic characterization of [Mn 2 Cl(BIP) (HBIMAM)(H 2 O) 5 ]Cl 3 ·4H 2 O a novel dinuclear manganese(II) incorporating two related bis(imidazolyl)-based ligands, BIP (3,3-di(2-1 H -2-imidazolyl)propanoate) and BIMAM ( N -methyldi(1 H -2-imidazolyl)methanamine). The metal atoms in the dinuclear entity are bridged by a μ 2 -η 1 :η 1 carboxylate group (from the propionate arm of the BIP ligand) acting in an anti – anti coordination bridging mode, with an intramolecular Mn⋯Mn distance of 6.47 A. The coordination around the Mn(II) ions shows a distorted octahedral geometry for both MnClN 2 O 3 and MnN 2 O 4 chromophores. Between th…