Search results for "Development"

Expression of inhibitory glycine receptors in postnatal rat cerebral cortex.

1993

The developmental expression of inhibitory glycine receptors was analyzed in postnatal rat cerebral cortex using the specific monoclonal antibody, MAb 4a. This antibody defines an epitope common to all known glycine receptor alpha-subunits. At birth, high levels of immunoreactivity were found, which transiently increased during the second postnatal week, but subsequently declined to low adult levels. Biochemical analysis of the MAb 4a antigen from parietal areas indicates that cortical glycine receptors correspond to the neonatal receptor isoform previously identified in spinal cord of newborn animals. Immunocytochemistry showed that, within 2 weeks after birth, MAb 4a-reactive glycine rece…

2019

Background: Cranio-facial anomalies frequently occur in neurodevelopmental disorders because both face and brain are derived from neuroectoderm. The identification of differences in the facial phenotype of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) may reflect alterations in embryologic brain development in children with ASD. Methods: we evaluated 33 caucasian children with ASD using a 2D computerized photogrammetry. Anthropometric euclidean measurements and landmarks located on the soft tissue of the face and head, were based on five cranio-facial indexes. Relationships between anthropometric z-scores and participant characteristics (i.e., age, Global IQ, severity of autistic symptoms m…

Immunohistochemical analysis of KCNQ3 potassium channels in mouse brain.

2005

KCNQ-type potassium channels generate the so-called M-current regulating excitability in many neurons. Mutations in KCNQ2/KCNQ3 channels can cause benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC). We describe the immunohistochemical staining of adult and developing mouse brain using an antibody directed against the N-terminus of KCNQ3 channels (KCNQ3N). A widespread KCNQ3N immunoreactivity predominantly of neuropil but also of somata was detected in different regions of the adult mouse brain, in particular in the hippocampus, cortex, thalamus and cerebellum. This staining pattern appeared gradually and became more intense during development. In the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus, the im…

Motor problems in children with early-treated congenital hypothyroidism: A matter of failing cerebellar motor control?

1998

This study addresses the question of whether "clumsiness" in children with early treated Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) might be attributable to cerebellar dysfunction. CH is known to affect rapid perinatal growth of the cerebellum. If this would affect the supposed motor timing function of the cerebellum this should be especially reflected by difficulty in producing fast aiming movements. An experiment was devised in which children made sequences of fast, goal directed movements in order to examine two aspects of fast voluntary movements that are known to be affected by cerebellar injury: dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesis. Three groups of children between the ages of 9 and ii participated: …

Nanomedicine and macroscale materials in immuno-oncology

2019

Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of cancer. It can achieve unprecedented responses in advanced-stage patients, including complete cures and long-term survival. However, immunotherapy also has limitations, such as its relatively low response rates and the development of severe side effects. These drawbacks are gradually being overcome by improving our understanding of the immune system, as well as by establishing combination regimens in which immunotherapy is combined with other treatment modalities. In addition to this, in recent years, progress made in chemistry, nanotechnology and materials science has started to impact immuno-oncology, resulting in more effective and less t…

Complement activation by oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins

1999

Background Oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and are found in human vascular lesions. There is increasing evidence that complement activation may also play a role in atherogenesis. Activated complement proteins have been demonstrated to be present in early atherosclerotic lesions, and lipids isolated from lesions have been shown to activate complement, hence their designation as lesion complement activator (LCA). The question now arose whether oxidized LDLs would also activate complement. Material and methods The complement-activating capacity of a lesion complement activator preparation and of minimally as well …

Acute and chronic effects of clomipramine on isolation-induced aggression in male mice

1994

The behavioral effects of clomipramine were studied on an ethopharmacological model of aggression. A range of low doses (similar to those used in clinical practice: 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg) and a higher dose (24 mg/kg—more usual in animal experimentation) were administered to isolated male mice that confronted anosmic opponents in a neutral arena. Encounters were staged 30 min after acute treatment and either 30 min or 24 h after the last drug administration in the chronic (21-day) treatment. Significant behavioral effects were observed predominantly with the highest dose. Acute and chronic effects were similar in the sense that both decreased aggressive behavior and produced some impairment of…

Linguistic multifeature MMN paradigm for extensive recording of auditory discrimination profiles

2011

We studied whether a multifeature mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm using naturally produced speech stimuli is feasible for studies of auditory discrimination accuracy of adult participants. A naturally produced trisyllabic pseudoword was used in the paradigm, and MMNs were recorded to changes that were acoustic (changes in fundamental frequency or intensity) or potentially phonological (changes in vowel identity or vowel duration). All the different changes were presented in three different word segments (initial, middle, or final syllable). All changes elicited an MMN response, but the vowel duration change elicited a different response pattern than the other deviant types. Changes in vo…

Tactile enumeration: A case study of acalculia

2018

Abstract Enumeration is one of the building blocks of arithmetic and fingers are used as a counting tool in early steps. Subitizing—fast and accurate enumeration of small quantities—has been vastly studied in the visual modality, but less in the tactile modality. We explored tactile enumeration using fingers, and gray matter (GM) changes using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), in acalculia. We examined JD, a 22-year-old female with acalculia following a stroke to the left inferior parietal cortex. JD and a neurologically healthy normal comparison (NC) group reported how many fingers were stimulated. JD was tested at several time points, including at acute and chronic phases. Using the sensory …

Detecting impaired language processing in patients with mild cognitive impairment using around‐the‐ear cEEgrid electrodes

2021

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the term used to identify those individuals with subjective and objective cognitive decline but with preserved activities of daily living and an absence of dementia. Although MCI can impact functioning in different cognitive domains, most notably episodic memory, relatively little is known about the comprehension of language in MCI. In this study, we used around-the-ear electrodes (cEEGrids) to identify impairments during language comprehension in patients with MCI. In a group of 23 patients with MCI and 23 age-matched controls, language comprehension was tested in a two-word phrase paradigm. We examined the oscillatory changes following word onset as a fu…