Search results for "Directive"
showing 10 items of 308 documents
Assessment of the Pressure Level over Lentic Waterbodies through the Estimation of Land Uses in the Catchment and Hydro-Morphological Alterations: Th…
2021
The features of lentic waterbodies largely depend on the surrounding environment. Mediterranean coastal lagoons have been historically altered, with their catchment being highly modified for agricultural, livestock, or urban uses. Changes in land uses induce pressures that impact the waterbodies and alter their ecological status. The objectives of this paper were: to develop a methodological approach (LUPLES: Land Uses for estimating Pressure Levels to approach the Ecological Status), to quantify the main pressures on the waterbodies and to forecast the possible impacts of these pressures on their ecological status. Corine-Land Cover maps and Geographic Information System technics were used…
Assessing disproportionate costs to achieve good ecological status of water bodies in a Mediterranean river basin.
2011
Water management is becoming increasingly important as the demand for water grows, diversifies, and includes more complex environmental concerns. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) seeks to achieve a good ecological status for all European Community water bodies by 2015. To achieve this objective, economic consideration of water management must be given to all decision-making processes. Exemption (time or level of stringency) from the objectives of the EU Directive can be justified by proving that the cost of implementing measures is disproportionate to the benefits. This paper addresses the issue of disproportionate costs through a cost-benefit analysis (CBA). To predict the costs, the fu…
Herbal medicinal products - Evidence and tradition from a historical perspective.
2017
Abstract Background Aside from the fully licensed herbal medicines there are products on the European pharmaceutical market which are registered by virtue of their longstanding traditional use. The normal registration procedure does not apply to them because presently they do not meet the legal requirements for a full license as set out in the relevant European Union Directive. One of these requirements, “proof of tradition”, has so far been dealt with in different ways and fails to meet the criteria of good practice. Method This analysis is based on a selective literature search in PubMed and in databases of medical and pharmaceutical history, interviews with licensing experts, a consensus…
Smuggled migrants as victims? Reflecting on the UN Protocol against migrant smuggling and on its implementation
2021
After outlining the UN Protocol’s general approach to migrant smuggling, the paper raises the question of whether and to what extent smuggled migrants can be said to be victims of this crime. The author argues that an affirmative answer is possible in at least three different senses: smuggled migrants can be victimized by states fighting against migrant smuggling and irregular immigration (secondary victimization); but, of course, they can also be victimized by smugglers (primary victimization), in two ways: first, if smuggling is so performed as to put their lives, physical integrity or dignity at risk; secondly, smugglers also victimize migrants by profiting of their vulnerable condition,…
A space-division time-division multiple access scheme for high throughput provisioning in WLANs
2005
Directional antennas may dramatically increase the capacity of a Wireless LAN by allowing several stations to simultaneously communicate. Since deployment of directive/smart antennas on the customer's terminals is awkward (for technological, cost, robustness, and convenience reasons) it is of interest to deploy advanced antenna solutions only at the Access Point. When omnidirectional transmissions are used at the Mobile Stations, the asynchronous nature of the 802.11 MAC handshake structurally limits the possibility to exploit spatial reuse. Significant throughput enhancements can be achieved only at the expense of redesigning (part of) the 802.11 MAC protocol: mainly a form of synchronizat…
The Implementation of the Directive on Tax Intermediaries in Spain (DAC6)
2019
The paper analyzes with criticism the riks, challenges and doubts that may arise as a result of the implementation of the DAC6 directive, relating to the obligation of tax intermediaries to disclose information on certain tax schemes to the tax administration at the moment of assistance and implementation of the scheme. It reveals the inconsistencies and the potential break of some fundamental freedoms of taxpayers and intermediaries and suggests mechanisms, tips and tools to improve it.
Performance and convergence in municipal waste treatment in the European Union.
2019
This paper assesses performance and convergence in the treatment of municipal waste by the members of the European Union-27 (EU-27) during the period 1995-2016. First, a composite indicator of performance -including landfill, incineration, recycling, and composting and digestion as treatment operations- is computed with Data Envelopment Analysis and Multi-Criteria-Decision-Making techniques at country and year levels. Then, convergence is assessed using the techniques proposed by Phillips and Sul (2007, 2009) and, more recently, by Kong et al. (2017). The best performers are Central and Northern European countries such as Denmark, Austria and Germany, whereas the worst are some Eastern Euro…
NIS-direktiivin kahdet kasvot : riskit ja riskienhallinta
2017
Euroopan unionin verkko- ja tietoturvadirektiivi, eli NIS-direktiivi, annettiin heinäkuussa 2016 ja sitä on sovellettava jäsenvaltioissa viimeistään 10. toukokuuta 2018. Direktiivin tavoitteena on parantaa jäsenmaiden tietoturvaa ja sitä kautta sisämarkkinoiden toimintaedellytyksiä. Se koskettaa suoraan digitaalisia toimijoita ja erikseen määriteltyjä keskeisiä toimijoita, mutta sen vaikutusten voidaan olettaa ulottuvan myös näiden ryhmien ulkopuolelle muun muassa palveluntarjoajiin. Vaikka direktiivi annettiin samoihin aikoihin ja sen soveltaminen aloitetaan myös samoihin aikoihin Euroopan unionin tietosuoja-asetuksen (GDPR) kanssa, on se jäänyt huomattavasti pienemmälle huomiolle kuin tie…
Customising clinical studies for the new nursing generation
2021
Nursing education in the Nordic countries follows the European Union directive requirements, and clinical studies for nursing students in the Nordic countries have many similarities. Now a new generation of students with different needs and characteristics is entering the nursing profession. The faculty, teachers and nurses will face challenges in meeting this new generation’s needs. The primary aim of this discussion paper is to explore and compare the current clinical studies in the five Nordic countries. The secondary aim is to find means to address the future challenges with a focus on the new generation. The idea of Objective Structured Clinical Reflection creates the possibility to d…
Concentration Dynamics in the Market for Audit of Public Interest Entities in Latvia
2020
This paper studies the dynamics of concentration levels in the market for audit of public interest entities (further PIEs) in Latvia from 2016 to 2018. This is important to identify initial effects on concentration and the likely consequences of the new EU statutory audit legislation (i.e. Directive 2014/56/EU and Regulation 537/2014) entered into force in June 2016. This paper relies primarily on the analysis of the annual reports of Latvian PIE audit firms and their associates and computes some key measures describing concentration – the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and concentration ratios CR1 or CR4. It also analyses market concentration in different categories of PIEs, notably banks. The…