Search results for "Discount"

Proportional Small Sample Bias in Pricing Kernel Estimations

2014

Numerous empirical studies find pricing kernels that are not-monotonically decreasing; the findings are at odds with the pricing kernel being marginal utility of a risk-averse, so-called representative agent. We study in detail the common procedure which estimates the pricing kernel as the ratio of two separate density estimations. In a first step, we analyze theoretically the functional dependence for the ratio of a density to its estimated density; this cautions the reader of potential computational issues coupled with statistical techniques. In a second step, we study this quantitatively; we show that small sample biases shape the estimated pricing kernel, and that estimated pricing kern…

Comparison of different revenue models in SaaS

2012

Cloud computing brings new possibilities for software firms to sell their products within a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model. However, although SaaS provides new revenue models, it may not easily achieve a profitable revenue stream. For customers, SaaS promises cost savings related to IT expenses. However, it may be difficult to estimate which revenue model will be best for a given situation. In this paper I present the common revenue models used in SaaS, examining their advantages and disadvantages from the point of view of the software provider and the customer. Keywords-Revenue models, SaaS, Cloud computing, Business in cloud

Trademarks and Cyberspace

2006

Trademark law aids consumers who use trademarks in the marketplace to identify swiftly and without problems a product they liked or disliked in the past, distinguishing among the different competing manufacturers of a product. No one is entitled to sell or deliver commodities under the appearance that the commodities derive from someone else. The importance of consumer protection cannot be over-emphasized and the average consumer standard should remain the central point of the inquiry, even under domain name litigation. Replacing the initial interest confusion doctrine is one decisive step, along with the introduction of a doctrine representing the fact that there should be no confusion at …

Hyperbolic discount curves: a reply to Ainslie

2013

Published version of an article in the journal: Theory and Decision. Also available from the publisher at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11238-013-9361-8 Ainslie (Theory and Decision, 73, 3-34, 2012) challenges our interpretation of the properties of hyperbolic discount curves in an iterated prisoners' dilemma (IPD) model. In this reply, we discuss the emergence of hyperbolic discount functions in the behavioral economics literature and evaluate their properties. Furthermore, we present a summarized version of our IPD model and evaluate Ainslie's points of contention.

Comparison of distance covered in paddle in the serve team according to performance level

2013

Although paddle is the second most practiced sport in Spain, the scientific knowledge about the players' work-load is still very low. The serve is a critical situation because the team has the opportunity to start the point attacking by approaching the net straight after the serve. However, the distance covered by the serve team still has not been studied in padel. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyse the distance covered by the serve team according performance level. It was hypothesized that the server would cover more distance than his partner due to the approach to the net after the serve. Moreover, it also was hypothesized that the difference between serve and partner would be greater…

Legislative reforms and market dynamics in the provision of urban water service by private contract operators in Spain

2022

Abstract This paper studies the dynamics of concentration in the Spanish market for the provision of urban water service by private contract operators in the 2000–2020 period. The market is highly concentrated. Concentration increased until 2007, at which point it started to decline when Law 30/2007 on Public Sector Contracts and Organic Law 8/2007 on Political Party Financing were passed; before rising again from 2016 onwards. This latter trend results from strategic behaviour by the two leading operators, acquiring smaller companies with a notable presence in some regional markets. Further legislative reforms aimed at safeguarding space for competition are thus proposed.

Factors influencing premiums and discounts for control in assessing the value of a business

2021

The issues of establishing the amounts of premiums and discounts for control in determining the value of a shareholding and the factors influencing this are among the fundamental problems of business valuation. This is due to the fact that the amount of control premium can significantly affect the market value of an evaluated business or a shareholding. The relevance of this paper lies in the fact that the results obtained in the course of the study can be used to further deepen the understanding of the influence of the degree of control on the valuation of a business (valuation of a shareholding), its characteristics, and factors affecting the size of the control premium. This contributes …

Group Buying of Competing Retailers

2011

Projecting biodiversity and wood production in future forest landscapes: 15 key modeling considerations

2017

A variety of modeling approaches can be used to project the future development of forest systems, and help to assess the implications of different management alternatives for biodiversity and ecosystem services. This diversity of approaches does however present both an opportunity and an obstacle for those trying to decide which modeling technique to apply, and interpreting the management implications of model output. Furthermore, the breadth of issues relevant to addressing key questions related to forest ecology, conservation biology, silviculture, economics, requires insights stemming from a number of distinct scientific disciplines. As forest planners, conservation ecologists, ecologica…

A strategic approach for the discounted Shapley values

2014

The family of discounted Shapley values is analyzed for cooperative games in coalitional form. We consider the bargaining protocol of the alternating random proposer introduced in Hart and Mas-Colell (Econometrica 64:357–380, 1996). We demonstrate that the discounted Shapley values arise as the expected payoffs associated with the bargaining equilibria when a time discount factor is considered. In a second model, we replace the time cost with the probability that the game ends without agreements. This model also implements these values in transferable utility games, moreover, the model implements the \(\alpha \)-consistent values in the nontransferable utility setting.