Search results for "ERAS"

Lapset vieraskielisessä toimintaympäristössä : tapaustutkimus kielikylpylasten toimijuudesta

2006

Suullisen testauksen hyödyntäminen vieraskielisessä opetuksessa

2013

Suullista vuorovaikutusta pidetään merkittävänä tekijänä kielenoppimisessa. Etenkin vieraskielisen opetuksen eli CLIL-opetuksen saralla oppilaiden puheen tuottaminen nähdään tärkeänä osana oppimista sekä tiedonrakentamista. Tämän tutkimuksen tehtävänä oli selvittää kuinka pareittain tehtävää suullista testausta voidaan hyödyntää CLIL-opetuksessa. Suullisen testin hyödyntämistä lähestytään kielen oppimisen, aihesisällön oppimisen, arvioinnin sekä oppilaiden mielipiteiden näkökulmista. Tutkimuksen painoarvoa nostaa se, että vieraalla kielellä opettamisen arviointi on todettu olevan haasteellista, eikä selkeitä suuntaviivoja sen suhteen ole. Tutkimus on tehty koulussa, jonka vieraskielistä ope…

Vieraskielinen opetus yleissivistävässä opetuksessa

2011

Kirjoituksessa tarkastellaan vieraskielisen opetuksen käynnistämisen syitä ja säädösperustaa ja vertaillaan vieraskielisen opetuksen toteutuksessa tapahtuneita muutoksia vuosina 1996 ja 2009 tehtyjen kartoitusten pohjalta. Lisäksi artikkelissa käsitellään kielen roolia eri oppiaineiden opetuksessa toisaalta vieraskielisessä opetuksessa ja toisaalta maahanmuuttajille tarkoitetussa opetuksessa ja pohditaan näistä tilanteista löytyviä yhtäläisyyksiä ja eroja. Huomiota kiinnitetään myös siihen, missä määrin vieraskielistä opetusta voitaisiin tukea nykyistä paremmin valtakunnallisissa opetussuunnitelman perusteissa. nonPeerReviewed

Suomi viittomakielisten toisena kielenä : verbirektioiden viidakossa.

2001

Single-chain antibodies against a plant viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase confer virus resistance.

2004

Crop loss due to viral diseases is still a major problem for agriculture today. We present a strategy to achieve virus resistance based on the expression of single-chain Fv fragments (scFvs) against a conserved domain in a plant viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a key enzyme in virus replication. The selected scFvs inhibited complementary RNA synthesis of different plant virus RdRps in vitro and virus replication in planta. Moreover, the scFvs also bound to the RdRp of the distantly related hepatitis C virus. T(1) and T(2) progeny of transgenic lines of Nicotiana benthamiana expressing different scFvs either in the cytosol or in the endoplasmic reticulum showed varying degrees of r…

Biochemical and structural analysis of the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the hepatitis C virus.

2000

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), the major causative agent of chronic and sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis worldwide, is a distinct member of the Flaviviridae virus family. These viruses have in common a plus-strand RNA genome that is replicated in the cytoplasm of the infected cell via minus-strand RNA intermediates. Owing to the lack of reliable cell culture systems and convenient animal models for HCV, the mechanisms governing RNA replication are not known. As a first step towards the development of appropriate in vitro systems, we expressed the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in insect cells, purified the protein to near homogeneity and studied its biochemical properties. It is a primer…

Functional properties of a monoclonal antibody inhibiting the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

2001

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), represented by nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B), has recently emerged as a promising target for antiviral intervention. Here, we describe the isolation, functional characterization, and molecular cloning of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibiting the HCV RdRp. This mAb, designated 5B-12B7, binds with high affinity to a conformational epitope in the palm subdomain of the HCV RdRp and recognizes native NS5B expressed in the context of the entire HCV polyprotein or subgenomic replicons. Complete inhibition of RdRp activity in vitro was observed at equimolar concentrations of NS5B and mAb 5B-12B7, whereas RdRp activities of classica…

Enhancement of hepatitis C virus RNA replication by cell culture-adaptive mutations.

2001

ABSTRACT Studies of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication cycle have been made possible with the development of subgenomic selectable RNAs that replicate autonomously in cultured cells. In these replicons the region encoding the HCV structural proteins was replaced by the neomycin phosphotransferase gene, allowing the selection of transfected cells that support high-level replication of these RNAs. Subsequent analyses revealed that, within selected cells, HCV RNAs had acquired adaptive mutations that increased the efficiency of colony formation by an unknown mechanism. Using a panel of replicons that differed in their degrees of cell culture adaptation, in this study we show that adaptive…

Viral and cellular determinants of hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture.

2003

Studies on the replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been facilitated by the development of selectable subgenomic replicons replicating in the human hepatoma cell line Huh-7 at a surprisingly high level. Analysis of the replicon population in selected cells revealed the occurrence of cell culture-adaptive mutations that enhance RNA replication substantially. To gain a better understanding of HCV cell culture adaptation, we characterized conserved mutations identified by sequence analysis of 26 independent replicon cell clones for their effect on RNA replication. Mutations enhancing replication were found in nearly every nonstructural (NS) protein, and they could be subdivided into at …

Biochemical properties of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and identification of amino acid sequence motifs essential for enzymati…

1997

The NS5B protein of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (S.-E. Behrens, L. Tomei, and R. De Francesco, EMBO J. 15:12-22, 1996) that is assumed to be required for replication of the viral genome. To further study the biochemical and structural properties of this enzyme, an NS5B-hexahistidine fusion protein was expressed with recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells and purified to near homogeneity. The enzyme was found to have a primer-dependent RdRp activity that was able to copy a complete in vitro-transcribed HCV genome in the absence of additional viral or cellular factors. Filter binding assays and competition experiments showed that the purified enzym…