Search results for "EURA"
showing 10 items of 3336 documents
High-resolution mouse subventricular zone stem-cell niche transcriptome reveals features of lineage, anatomy, and aging
2020
Adult neural stem cells (NSC) serve as a reservoir for brain plasticity and origin for certain gliomas. Lineage tracing and genomic approaches have portrayed complex underlying heterogeneity within the major anatomical location for NSC, the subventricular zone (SVZ). To gain a comprehensive profile of NSC heterogeneity, we utilized a well-validated stem/progenitor-specific reporter transgene in concert with single-cell RNA sequencing to achieve unbiased analysis of SVZ cells from infancy to advanced age. The magnitude and high specificity of the resulting transcriptional datasets allow precise identification of the varied cell types embedded in the SVZ including specialized parenchymal cell…
Double In Utero Electroporation to Target Temporally and Spatially Separated Cell Populations.
2020
In utero electroporation is an in vivo DNA transfer technique extensively used to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying mammalian corticogenesis. This procedure takes advantage of the brain ventricles to allow the introduction of DNA of interest and uses a pair of electrodes to direct the entrance of the genetic material into the cells lining the ventricle, the neural stem cells. This method allows researchers to label the desired cells and/or manipulate the expression of genes of interest in those cells. It has multiple applications, including assays targeting neuronal migration, lineage tracing, and axonal pathfinding. An important feature of this method is its temporal a…
Cell types, lineage, and architecture of the germinal zone in the adult dentate gyrus
2004
New neurons continue to be born in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus of adult mammals, including humans. Previous work has shown that astrocytes function as the progenitors of these new neurons through immature intermediate D cells. In the first part of the present study, we determined the structure of each of these progenitors and how they are organized in three dimensions. Serial-section reconstructions of the SGZ, using confocal and electron microscopy demonstrate that SGZ astrocytes form baskets that hold clusters of D cells, largely insulating them from the hilus. Two types of glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing astrocytes (radial and horizontal)…
Expression of protein kinase C gene family members is temporally and spatially regulated during neural development in vitro.
1998
We used primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons and PCC7-Mz1 cells to correlate the expression of the protein kinase C (PKC) gene family with specific events during neural differentiation. Multipotent PCC7-Mz1 embryonic carcinoma stem cells develop into a tissue-like pattern of neuronal, fibroblast-like and astroglial cells by all-trans retinoic acid (RA) treatment. Western blot analyses demonstrate that PKCalpha, betaI, gamma, theta, mu, lambda, and zeta were constitutively expressed but the expression of PKCbetaII, delta, epsilon, and eta was up-regulated three days after addition of RA when cells mature morphologically. While the protein levels of the PKC isoforms betaII, delta and e…
Subtle Changes in Clonal Dynamics Underlie the Age-Related Decline in Neurogenesis
2017
SUMMARYNeural stem cells in the adult murine brain have only a limited capacity to self-renew, and the number of neurons they generate drastically declines with age. How cellular dynamics sustain neurogenesis and how alterations with age may result in this decline, are both unresolved issues. Therefore, we clonally traced neural stem cell lineages using confetti reporters in young and middle-aged adult mice. To understand underlying mechanisms, we derived mathematical population models of adult neurogenesis that explain the observed clonal cell type abundances. Models fitting the data best consistently show self renewal of transit amplifying progenitors and rapid neuroblast cell cycle exit.…
Timing of identity: spatiotemporal regulation of hunchback in neuroblast lineages of Drosophila by Seven-up and Prospero.
2006
Neural stem cells often generate different cell types in a fixed birth order as a result of temporal specification of the progenitors. In Drosophila, the first temporal identity of most neural stem cells(neuroblasts) in the embryonic ventral nerve cord is specified by the transient expression of the transcription factor Hunchback. When reaching the next temporal identity, this expression is switched off in the neuroblasts by seven up (svp) in a mitosis-dependent manner, but is maintained in their progeny (ganglion mother cells). We show that svpmRNA is already expressed in the neuroblasts before this division. After mitosis, Svp protein accumulates in both cells, but the downregulation of h…
Immunohistochemical location of HPL, SP1 and β-HCG in normal placentas of varying gestational age
1986
Sixty-four placentas at various gestational ages were examined by immunohistochemical stains for HPL, SP1 and beta-HCG according to a modified PAP method (Sternberger 1970). Syncytiotrophoblast cell layer was identified as the main site of synthesis. Extravillous immunohistochemical reactions for HPL and SP1 (but not for beta-HCG) were found in X-cells of the basal plate and in the intervillous trophoblast islands. These cell types would thus seem to be derived from trophoblast. Hofbauer-cells of villous connective tissue stained specifically for beta-HCG apparently because of HCG phagocytosis. The intensity of staining for HPL, SP1 and beta-HCG was evaluated semiquantitatively in the syncy…
Spot compliant neuronal networks by structure optimized micro-contact printing
2001
Neuronal cell growth in vitro can be controlled with micropatterned structures of extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin. This technique is a powerful tool for studying neuronal cell function in order to increase experimental reproducibility and to specifically design innovative experimental setups. In this paper the correlation between the structural dimensions of the ECM pattern and the shape of the resulting cellular network is analyzed. The aim of the present study was to position neuronal cell bodies as precisely as possible and to induce directed cell differentiation. PCC7-MzN cells were cultured on laminin patterns. The line width, node size and gap size in-between cell adhesi…
Axonal control of the adult neural stem cell niche.
2014
SummaryThe ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) is an extensive germinal niche containing neural stem cells (NSCs) in the walls of the lateral ventricles of the adult brain. How the adult brain’s neural activity influences the behavior of adult NSCs remains largely unknown. We show that serotonergic (5HT) axons originating from a small group of neurons in the raphe form an extensive plexus on most of the ventricular walls. Electron microscopy revealed intimate contacts between 5HT axons and NSCs (B1) or ependymal cells (E1) and these cells were labeled by a transsynaptic viral tracer injected into the raphe. B1 cells express the 5HT receptors 2C and 5A. Electrophysiology showed that acti…
EGF converts transit-amplifying neurogenic precursors in the adult brain into multipotent stem cells.
2002
AbstractNeural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) continue to generate new neurons in the adult brain. SVZ cells exposed to EGF in culture grow to form neurospheres that are multipotent and self-renewing. We show here that the majority of these EGF-responsive cells are not derived from relatively quiescent stem cells in vivo, but from the highly mitotic, Dlx2+, transit-amplifying C cells. When exposed to EGF, C cells downregulate Dlx2, arrest neuronal production, and become highly proliferative and invasive. Killing Dlx2+ cells dramatically reduces the in vivo response to EGF and neurosphere formation in vitro. Furthermore, purified C cells are 53-fold enriched for neurosphere gene…