Search results for "Effects"
showing 10 items of 2634 documents
Cooperation and Status in Organizations
2010
We report the results of experiments designed to test the effect of social status on contributions to a public good, with and without punishment. The experiments are conducted in four-person groups in a “star” network, where one central player observes and is observed by the others. This imposes a social structure on the game, and gives the central player a leadership role in the group, simply by virtue of being commonly observed. We further manipulate status by allocating the central position to the person who earns the highest, or the lowest, score on a trivia quiz. These high-status and low-status treatments are compared, and we find that the effect of organizational structure—the existe…
Dynamics of female labour force participation in France
2013
International audience; This article formulates and estimates a structural intertemporal model of labour force participation. Relying on theoretical characterizations derived from an economic model of lifetime behaviour, we estimate a dynamic probit model with correlated random effects using longitudinal data to allow for a dynamic structure. The model is applied to a panel of married women drawn from the 1997–2002 French Labour Force surveys in order to represent their participation behaviour. It is estimated by maximum simulated likelihood. Our results show that women’s decisions to go out to work are characterized by significant state dependence, unobserved heterogeneity and negative ser…
Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Rollouts and Their Effects on Health Outcomes
2022
Background Vaccination against the coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) is understood to be the key way out of the COVID-19 pandemic. Limited evidence exists on the determinants of vaccine rollouts and their health effects at the country level. Objective Examine the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine rollouts and their effects on health outcomes. Methods Ordinary least squares regressions with standard errors clustered at the country level for Cross-section and Panel daily data of vaccinations and various health outcomes (new COVID-19 cases, fatalities, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions) for an unbalanced sample of about 200 countries during the period 16 December 2020 to 20 June 2021. Results…
On the Persistent Understatement of Shareholder's Equity Around Europe
2003
We examine the existence of balance sheet conservative practices by listed companies in seven European countries, analysing the differences among them. Our results show that in every country under study there are conservative practices that lead to a persistent understatement of operating assets with respect to market value. This understatement could be mainly attributable to the usage of historic cost accounting as well as to the non-recognition of certain intangible assets. We also find that in code-law based countries balance sheet conservative practices are much more pronounced. Additionally, we analyse whether our results are influenced by a different sample composition, and if spuriou…
Life-cycle effects in small business finance
2017
This paper studies the life-cycle profiles of small firms’ cost and use of credit using a panel of Finnish firms. The choice of method matters for the conclusions drawn about the relationship between firm age and financing costs; the cross-sectional age profiles of financing costs are hump-shaped and consistent with hold-up theories, whereas methods that control for cohort fixed effects demonstrate that the financing costs decrease monotonically as the firms mature. The life-cycle profiles of the use of credit also indicate that firms are more dependent on financial intermediaries in the early periods of their lives. Furthermore, the cohorts born during recessions pay higher financing costs…
Exploring message themes in antismoking advertising targeted at teenagers
2008
PurposePrevious studies have indicated that antismoking advertising potentially prevents or reduces smoking among teenagers. However, not all message themes of antismoking advertising have proved effective. This study aims to explore the effects of different message themes on teenagers' intention to smoke. Attitude towards the advertisement and attitude towards the act (smoking) are proposed as mediating variables between the message theme and smoking intentions. The paper also aims to examine effect of three themes, namely health effects, mental effects and social effects on smoking/not smoking.Design/methodology/approachThe data consist of 325 Finnish high school students aged between 13 …
Aerosol concentrations determine the height of warm rain and ice initiation in convective clouds over the Amazon basin
2017
Abstract. We have investigated how pollution aerosols affect the height above cloud base of rain and ice hydrometeor initiation and the subsequent vertical evolution of cloud droplet size and number concentrations in growing convective cumulus. For this purpose we used in-situ data of hydrometeor size distributions measured with instruments mounted on HALO (High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft) during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign over the Amazon during September 2014. The results show that the height of rain initiation by collision and coalescence processes (Dr, in units of meters above cloud base) is linearly correlated with the number concentration of droplets (Nd in cm−3) nucle…
La vulgarisation scientifique et les doctorants : mesure de l'engagement, exploration d'effets sur le chercheur
2018
We ask two questions: what are the factors that influence researchers’ public engagement activities (PEA)? And what are the impacts of these activities on the researcher? After presenting a historical overview of PEA, we analyze 20 surveys carried out between 1967 and 2014. We identify some global trends: PEA is generally positively perceived, researcher’s engagement is occasional but robust. Besides those trends some differences appear between studies based on theoretical models and empirical studies: the latter report complaints such as lack of time or lack of recognition, whereas theoretical-based ones challenge these statements.To further explore our two questions, we used two approache…
Essay on the integration of interactions in the treatment effect evaluation : the contribution of spatial econometrics methods
2015
This thesis focuses on the integration of interactions in the estimation of the public policy’s effect. Indeed, the estimation standard methods usually rely on strong assumptions that exclude partially or completely the interaction effect both in the selection process of beneficiaries and in the performance of the policy. However, the validity of these assumptions is questionable, particularly in the context of a non-experimental policy because an individual according as it is the beneficiary or not the policy, is not isolated: he interacts with his neighborhood. Thus, the estimated effect of the policy by traditional methods is likely to be biased (underestimation or overestimation) theref…
Photo-thermal control of surface plasmon mode propagation at telecom wavelengths
2016
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is the promising versatile platform proposed for guiding electromagnetic waves at nanoscale dimensions. In this context dynamic control of SPPs prop- agation is of paramount importance. Thermo-optical (TO) effect is considered as an efficient technique for performing active control of plasmonic devices. Among the thermo-optical based plasmonic devices demonstrated so far TO coefficient is dominantly provided by a dielectric material on top of the metal sustaining the SPP mode, however, the role of TO properties of the metal has been rarely investigated for plasmonic applications especially at the telecom frequency ranges. Therefore, the aim of this thesis i…