Search results for "Ekologi"
showing 10 items of 383 documents
Polyandry and its effect on male and female fitness
2006
Miksi metsämyyränaaraalla on useampia rakastajia, on mielenkiintoinen kysymys evoluutioekologiassa. Yksi koiras riittäisi hyvin hedelmöittämään kaikki naaraan munasolut, ja useamman koiraan kanssa jatkuvat lemmenleikit altistavat naaraan niin pedon hampaille kuin tautiriskille. Useamman koiraan kanssa parittelu näyttää kuitenkin olevan enemmän sääntö kuin poikkeus.Ines Klemmen väitöskirjatutkimuksen aiheena oli selvittää, mitä hyötyä naaraalle on useamman koiraan kanssa parittelusta. Klemme osoitti tutkimuksessaan, että mitä useamman koiraan kanssa metsämyyränaaras parittelee yhden lisääntymiskerran aikana, sitä parempi on sen lisääntymistulos. Metsämyyrän poikuekoko on 5-6, ja naaras saatt…
The evolutionary ecology of space use and its conservation consequences
2007
López-Sepulcre tutki väitöskirjassaan ekologis-evolutiivisia vuorovaikutussilmukoita yksilön ominaisuuksien ja populaatiotason ilmiöiden välillä. Ekologis-evolutiivisen vuorovaikutussilmukan käsite kuvastaa ekologisen demografian ja evoluutiobiologian välistä riippuvuussuhdetta. Silmukassa yksilöiden perinnöllisesti ohjatut käyttäytymis- ja elinkiertopiirteet heijastuvat populaation dynamiikkaan. Populaation dynamiikan muuttuminen suosii tiettyjä genotyyppejä toisten kustannuksella.Reviiri- ja dispersaalikäyttäytyminen ovat López- Sepulcren keskeisimmät tutkimuskohteet. Väitöksen ensimmäisessä osassa López-Sepulcre havaitsi, että demografiset prosessit kohtelevat reviirin omistajia ja revii…
Bateman gradients from first principles
2022
In 1948, Angus Bateman presented experiments and concepts that remain influential and debated in sexual selection. The Bateman gradient relates reproductive success to mate number, and Bateman presented this as the cause of intra-masculine selection. A deeper causal level was subsequently asserted: that the ultimate cause of sex differences in Bateman gradients is the sex difference in gamete numbers, an argument that remains controversial and without mathematical backup. Here I develop models showing how asymmetry in gamete numbers alone can generate steeper Bateman gradients in males. This conclusion remains when the further asymmetry of internal fertilisation is added to the model and fe…
Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Physiological Variables Monitored During Treadmill Testing
2021
Purpose: To examine the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) cycle phases on physiological variables monitored during incremental treadmill testing in physically active women (eumenorrheic, EUM = 16 and monophasic HC-users, CHC = 12). Methods: Four running tests to exhaustion were performed at bleeding, mid follicular (mid FOL)/active 1, ovulation/active 2, and mid luteal (mid LUT)/inactive. HC and MC phases were confirmed from serum hormones. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (Bla), and VO˙ 2 were monitored, while aerobic (AerT) and anaerobic (AnaT) thresholds were determined. VO˙ 2peak, maximal running speed (RUNpeak), and total running time (RUNtotal) were recor…
Exposure to Chemical Cues from Predator-Exposed Conspecifics Increases Reproduction in a Wild Rodent
2018
Abstract Predation involves more than just predators consuming prey. Indirect effects, such as fear responses caused by predator presence, can have consequences for prey life history. Laboratory experiments have shown that some rodents can recognize fear in conspecifics via alarm pheromones. Individuals exposed to alarm pheromones can exhibit behavioural alterations that are similar to those displayed by predator-exposed individuals. Yet the ecological and evolutionary significance of alarm pheromones in wild mammals remains unclear. We investigated how alarm pheromones affect the behaviour and fitness of wild bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in outdoor enclosures. Specifically, we compared th…
Marine food web perspective to fisheries-induced evolution
2021
Fisheries exploitation can cause genetic changes in heritable traits of targeted stocks. The direction of selective pressure forced by harvest acts typically in reverse to natural selection and selects for explicit life-histories, usually for younger and smaller spawners with deprived spawning potential. While the consequences that such selection might have on the populational dynamics of a single species are well emphasised, we are just beginning to perceive the variety and severity of its propagating effects within the entire marine food webs and ecosystems. Here, we highlight the potential pathways in which fishing-induced evolution, driven by size-selective fishing, might resonate throu…
Future supply of boreal forest ecosystem services is driven by management rather than by climate change
2022
Forests provide a wide variety of ecosystem services (ES) to society. The boreal biome is experiencing the highest rates of warming on the planet and increasing demand for forest products. To foresee how to maximize the adaptation of boreal forests to future warmer conditions and growing demands of forest products, we need a better understanding of the relative importance of forest management and climate change on the supply of ecosystem services. Here, using Finland as a boreal forest case study, we assessed the potential supply of a wide range of ES (timber, bilberry, cowberry, mushrooms, carbon storage, scenic beauty, species habitat availability and deadwood) given seven management regi…
Industrial ecosystem : using the material and energy flow model of an ecosystem in an industrial system
2000
Building on 150 Years of Knowledge : The Freshwater Isopod Asellus aquaticus as an Integrative Eco-Evolutionary Model System
2021
Interactions between organisms and their environments are central to how biological diversity arises and how natural populations and ecosystems respond to environmental change. These interactions involve processes by which phenotypes are affected by or respond to external conditions (e.g., via phenotypic plasticity or natural selection) as well as processes by which organisms reciprocally interact with the environment (e.g., via eco-evolutionary feedbacks). Organism-environment interactions can be highly dynamic and operate on different hierarchical levels, from genes and phenotypes to populations, communities, and ecosystems. Therefore, the study of organism-environment interactions requir…
Effects of anthropogenic stress on hosts and their microbiomes: Treated wastewater alters performance and gut microbiome of a key detritivore ( Asell…
2023
Human activity is a major driver of ecological and evolutionary change in wild populations and can have diverse effects on eukaryotic organisms as well as on environmental and host-associated microbial communities. Although host-microbiome interactions can be a major determinant of host fitness, few studies consider the joint responses of hosts and their microbiomes to anthropogenic changes. In freshwater ecosystems, wastewater is a widespread anthropogenic stressor that represents a multifarious environmental perturbation. Here, we experimentally tested the impact of treated wastewater on a keystone host (the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus) and its gut microbiome. We used a semi-natur…