Search results for "Evidence"

Vulnerability Black Markets: Empirical Evidence and Scenario Simulation

2009

This paper discusses the manifest characteristics of online Vulnerability Black Markets (VBM), insider actors, interactions and mechanisms, obtained from masked observation. Because VBM transactions are hidden from general view, we trace their precursors as secondary evidence of their development and activity. More general attributes of VBMs and the exploits they discuss are identified. Finally, we introduce a simulation model that captures how vulnerability discoveries may be placed in a dual legal-black market context. We perform simulations and find that if legal markets expose vulnerabilities that go unresolved, the security and quality of software may suffer more than in the absence of…

Predictores y efectos de la repetición de curso

2018

About a third of Spanish students will have repeated at least one school year by the time they reach 16. It is claimed that alternative policies top grade repetition should seek to provide individualised treatment and ensure early intervention. In Spain, while there is empirical evidence in support of the benefits of the former, there is little for the latter. Here, we fill this gap by combining data from two international assessments. We identify the profile of students who a) are at greatest risk of grade retention and b) are most negatively affected by the policy. Our results confirm the importance of early intervention and the need to rethink grade repetition as a one-size-fits-all poli…

Guías EAU sobre incontinencia urinaria

2011

Contexto: Las primeras directrices sobre incontinencia de la European Association of Urology (EAU) se publicaron en 2001. Dichas directrices se han actualizado con regularidad en los últimos años. Objetivo: El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer un resumen de la actualización de las directrices sobre incontinencia urinaria (IU) de la EAU realizada en 2009. Recogida de evidencias: El comité de trabajo de la EAU formó parte de la IV Consulta Internacional sobre Incontinencia (ICI) y, con permiso de la ICI, llevó a cabo la extracción de la información de relevancia. La metodología de la IV ICI consistió en una amplia revisión de la literatura por parte de expertos internacionales y en la crea…

Mutamento del giudice e rinnovazione della prova: la Corte costituzionale esorbita dai confini accusatori

2020

The “Judge of the laws” delivers to the Parliament punctuals directives to give concreteness to the reasonable duration of the trial. What is at stake is the right to renew the evidence in the event of a change of the judge, which is drastically reduced to prevent it from being used merely for dilatory purposes. The Author criticizes the decision in question, fearing a dangerous drift: the renewal only of the “useful” evidence.

A bottom-up procedure to calculate the Top Event probability in presence of epistemic uncertainty

2012

Industrial plants may be subjected to very dangerous events. Different methodologies are employed to evaluate the probability of their occurrence, as Process Safety Analysis (PSA) or Risk Analysis (RA). However, since for rare events reliability data are poor, the epistemic uncertainty needs to be considered. In this context, the classical probabilistic approach cannot be successfully used and then different approaches must be taken into account. Actually, this paper proposes the use of the Evidence Theory or Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) to deal with data characterizing rare events in high risk industrial sites. In particular, a classical Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is considered when the onl…

Influenza vaccination in high-risk groups: a revision of existing guidelines and rationale for an evidence-based preventive strategy.

2016

Summary Influenza, an infectious respiratory disease, is one of the main causes of excess winter deaths (EWDs) in Europe. Annual flu epidemics are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, especially among the elderly, those with underlying health conditions and pregnant women. Health Care Workers (HCWs) are also considered at high risk of both contracting influenza and spreading the virus to vulnerable patients. During the 2014/2015 season, the excess winter mortality rates observed in countries of the northern hemisphere (EuroMOMO network) and in Italy (+13%) were strongly related to the intensity of influenza circulation. Influenza vaccination is the most important public healt…

Systematic review on physician's knowledge about radiation doses and radiation risks of computed tomography.

2010

Abstract Background The frequent use of computed tomography is a major cause of the increasing medical radiation exposure of the general population. Consequently, dose reduction and radiation protection is a topic of scientific and public concern. Aim We evaluated the available literature on physicians’ knowledge regarding radiation dosages and risks due to computed tomography. Methods A systematic review in accordance with the Cochrane and PRISMA statements was performed using eight databases. 3091 references were found. Only primary studies assessing physicians’ knowledge about computed tomography were included. Results 14 relevant articles were identified, all focussing on dose estimatio…

Neoclassical Convergence Versus Technological Catch-Up : A Contribution for Reaching a Consensus.

2004

http://www.businessperspectives.org/files/ppm/PPM_EN_2004_03pp15_42.pdf; International audience; New macro empirical evidence is provided to assess the relative importance of object andidea gaps in explaining the world income distribution dynamics over a benchmark period of 1960-1985. Results are then extended through 1995. Formal statistical hypothesis tests allow us to discriminatebetween two competing growth models: (i) the standard neoclassical growth model similarto that employed by Mankiw, Romer, and Weil (1992), and (ii) an endogenous growth modelclosely related to the Nelson and Phelps' approach (1966) that emphasizes the importance of technologytransfer in addition to factor accumu…

Science and logic

2009

The Effects of Database Complexity on SQL Query Formulation

2020

In Structured Query Language (SQL) education, students often execute queries against a simple exercise database. Recently, databases that are more realistic have been utilized to the effect that students find exercises more interesting and useful, as these databases more accurately mimic databases students are likely to encounter in their future work environments. However, using even the most engaging database can be counterproductive to learning, if a student is not able to formulate correct queries due to the complexity of the database schema. Scientific evidence on the effects of database complexity on student’s query formulation is limited, and with queries from 744 students against thr…