Search results for "Exchange"
showing 10 items of 2035 documents
Brexit: An Introduction
2020
This section examines the consequences of the United Kingdom (UK)’s decision to leave the EU. Though chapters acknowledge that most will depend on the outcome of the UK–EU negotiations as Brexit will be an unpredictable case of differentiated disintegration. This section offers contributions that aim at stimulating the debate on how Brexit might be understood and analyzed. Will Brexit cause breakdown, heading forward or merely continuous muddling through? The case of Brexit serves as a research laboratory in which we can test existing theories of European integration. Are they able to explain patterns of disintegration equally to integration, or do we need new theoretical and conceptual too…
Distributed Cognition Learning in Collaborative Civil Engineering Projects Management
2012
Due to the diversity and complexity of its projects, the Civil Engineering domain has historically encompassed very heterogeneous disciplines. From the beginning, any Civil Infrastructure project is systematically divided into smaller subprojects in order to reduce or isolate the overall complexity. However, as a parallel design work, these subdesigns may experience divergences which often lead to design conflicts when they are merged back to the global design. If a high-quality design is desired, these conflicts need to be detected and solved.We present a Multiagent system able to manage these design conflicts by detecting them, by assisting the engineers in the negotiation of solutions, a…
Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney in infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy
2007
Prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) increases the risk of major congenital malformations (MCM) in the fetus. AED-related abnormalities include heart and neural tube defects, cleft palate, and urogenital abnormalities. Among the various congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) disease is one of the most severe expressions. Although prenatal ultrasound (US) examination has increased the prenatal diagnosis of MCDK, the pathogenesis is still unclear. We report on four cases of MCDK in infants of epileptic women treated with AEDs during pregnancy. From October 2003 to June 2006, we observed four infants with unilateral MCDK bo…
Economie assessments on the use of wired and wireless recharging systems in Italian and European market
2017
The conductive charging method for the electric vehicles is the most widespread, since it is the simplest and has higher returns. In the last years, alternative charging technologies have been investigated. Between these wireless charging systems have been large diffusion and have been commercialized by some manufacturer. Wireless charging systems for electric vehicles have some advantages respect the wired ones, not obliging the user to connect physically the vehicle to the electric charging station. Assuming the efficiency declared by the manufacturer of wireless systems the authors, in this paper, estimate the maximum cost that wireless recharging systems can have to be, however, more fa…
Sodium dynamics: another key to astroglial excitability?
2012
Astroglial excitability is largely mediated by fluctuations in intracellular ion concentrations. In addition to generally acknowledged Ca 2+ excitability of astroglia, recent studies have demonstrated that neuronal activity triggers transient increases in the cytosolic Na + concentration ([Na + ] i ) in perisynaptic astrocytes. These [Na + ] i transients are controlled by multiple Na + -permeable channels and Na + -dependent transporters; spatiotemporally organized [Na + ] i dynamics in turn regulate diverse astroglial homeostatic responses such as metabolic/signaling utilization of lactate and glutamate, transmembrane transport of neurotransmitters and K + buffering. In particular, near-me…
Sodium Fluxes and Astroglial Function
2012
Astrocytes exhibit their excitability based on variations in cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, which leads to variety of signalling events. Only recently, however, intracellular fluctuations of more abundant cation Na(+) are brought in the limelight of glial signalling. Indeed, astrocytes possess several plasmalemmal molecular entities that allow rapid transport of Na(+) across the plasma membrane: (1) ionotropic receptors, (2) canonical transient receptor potential cation channels, (3) neurotransmitter transporters and (4) sodium-calcium exchanger. Concerted action of these molecules in controlling cytosolic Na(+) may complement Ca(2+) signalling to provide basis for complex bidirectional astrocyte…
Effects of ouabain on human bronchial muscle in vitro
2003
The effects of ouabain, an inhibitor of the plasmalemmal Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, were examined in human isolated bronchus. Ouabain produced concentration-dependent contraction with -logEC(50)=7.16+/-0.11 and maximal effect of 67+/-4% of the response to acetylcholine (1 mM). Ouabain (10 microM)-induced contraction was epithelium-independent and was not depressed by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, antagonists of muscarinic, histamine H(1)-receptors and alpha-adrenoceptors, or neuronal Na(+) channel blockade. The inhibition of ouabain contraction in tissues bathed in K(+)-free medium, and the inhibition by ouabain of the K(+)-induced relaxation confirm that the contractile a…
Deliberate Arterial Hypotension Does Not Reduce Intraocular Pressure in Pigs
1992
Among the accepted advantages of general anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery is improved control of intraocular pressure (IOP). Although standard textbooks advocate deliberate arterial hypotension to facilitate intraocular surgery by reducing IOP, scientific proof of such an effect is lacking. The authors investigated effects of induced arterial hypotension on IOP in an anesthetized porcine model. Forty-two piglets were anesthetized with piritramide, were placed in the prone position, and had the anterior chamber of one eye punctured with a small Teflon cannula to measure IOP. Six pigs were used in a pilot study to establish dose-response relationships for the hypotensive agents; 36 pigs were …
Magnetic Exchange Interaction in Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical-Based Single Crystals of 3d Metal Complexes: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
2018
Two stable nitronyl nitroxide free radicals {R1 = 4′-methoxy-phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (NNPhOMe) and R2 = 2-(2′-thienyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline 3-oxide 1-oxyl (NNT)} are successfully synthesized using Ullmann condensation. The reactions of these two radicals with 3d transition metal ions, in the form of M(hfac)2 (where M = Co or Mn, hfac: hexafluoroacetylacetone), result in four metal–organic complexes Co(hfac)2(NNPhOMe)2, 1; Co(hfac)2(NNT)2·(H2O), 2; Mn(hfac)2(NNPhOMe)·x(C7H16), 3; and Mn(hfac)2(NNT)2, 4. The crystal structure and magnetic properties of these complexes are investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, dc magnetization, infrared, and …
Is the Fisher effect non-linear? some evidence for Spain, 1963–2002
2005
In this paper the role of non-linearities in the relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation is examined, in order to shed some additional light on the mostly unfavourable evidence on the presence of a full Fisher effect. The analysis is applied to the case of Spain for the period 1963–2002, which allows previous results on the subject to be re-examined and extended. The empirical methodology makes use of recent developments on threshold cointegration, so that cointegration between a pair of variables should be expected only once a certain threshold was reached.