Search results for "Exchange"
showing 10 items of 2035 documents
Killer toxin of Hanseniaspora uvarum
1990
The yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum liberates a killer toxin lethal to sensitive strains of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Secretion of this killer toxin was inhibited by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-glycosylation, although the mature killer protein did not show any detectable carbohydrate structures. Culture supernatants of the killer strain were concentrated by ultrafiltration and the extracellular killer toxin was precipitated with ethanol and purified by ion exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE of the electrophoretically homogenous killer protein indicated an apparent molecular mass of 18,000. Additional investigations of the primary toxin binding sites within the cell wall of sensitiv…
Purification and evaluation of large clostridial cytotoxins that inhibit small GTPases of Rho and ras subfamilies
2000
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the purification and evaluation of large clostridia cytotoxins (LCTs) that inhibit small guanosine 5'-triphosphates (GTPases) of Rho and Ras subfamilies. LCTs are glycosyltransferases that inactivate GTPases of the Rho and Ras subfamilies by covalently coupling a sugar moiety (mostly glucose) to the conserved threonine residue in region switch 1 of the GTPases (T35 in Ras). This glycosylation functionally inactivates the GTPases leading to the collapse of the actin cytoskeleton and ultimately induces apoptosis of the cells. Small GTP-binding proteins are key players in the regulation of signal transducing networks of eukaryotic cells. Their regulator…
In-situ transformation of iron-bearing minerals in marshland-derived paddy subsoil
2016
Transformations of Fe-bearing minerals under alternating redox conditions are not fully understood. In-situ approaches under field conditions have rarely been used. We exposed mesh bags containing ferrihydrite, goethite or nontronite to changing redox conditions in subsoil that had been under paddy management for 100, 700 and 2000 years. After 12 months, the minerals were retrieved and analysed for organic carbon and by X-ray diffraction; in addition, nontronite was analysed for cation exchange capacity and by Mossbauer spectroscopy at 278 and 4.2 K. Field exposure of the test minerals was complemented by measurements of soil redox potential and analyses of soil water. Minerals accumulated …
International Fiscal-Financial Spillovers:the Effect of Fiscal Shocks on Cross-Border Bank Lending
2019
This paper sheds new light on the degree of international fiscal-financial spillovers by investigating the effect of domestic fiscal policies on cross-border bank lending. By estimating the dynamic response of U.S. cross-border bank lending towards the 45 recipient countries to exogenous domestic fiscal shocks (both measured by spending and revenue) between 1990Q1 and 2012Q4, we find that expansionary domestic fiscal shocks lead to a statistically significant increase in cross-border bank lending. The magnitude of the effect is also economically significant: the effect of 1 percent of GDP increase (decrease) in spending (revenue) is comparable to an exogenous decline in the federal funds ra…
Fiscal multipliers and job-protection regulation
2021
Abstract We study, both theoretically and empirically, how labor market regulation affects fiscal multipliers. We focus on the stringency of employment protection legislation, a prominent source of rigidity in European labor markets. First, using a small-open economy model that features labor-market search-and-matching frictions and nominal rigidities, we show that an increase in government spending has larger output effects when firing costs are lower. The importance of layoff costs for the public spending multiplier is larger in the absence of exchange rate adjustment and in a recession. Second, we confirm these findings empirically using a panel of 26 advanced countries over the period 1…
Asymmetrical Crisis in the European Union: The Example of Greece
2020
The article presents the current economic crisis from an historical perspective, analyzing the building of the monetary integration and the common currency. The process is explained pointing out its effects on the European integration and outlining the positive and negative consequences of the introduction of a common currency in the European Union. The investigation continues with a general outlook of the current situation of the countries more affected by the current crisis, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy. All of them have in common the necessity of extra funding in a context of austerity, plus some national particularities. The author proposes an expansion in the public spend…
Implementation Methodology of the Resilience Framework
2014
Failure of Critical Infrastructures (CIs) can have severe consequences for our societies. Therefore, CI resilience has attracted increasing attention in industries and policy-making. However, empirical studies on CI resilience are rare. In particular, research on the implementation of policies aiming at an improvement of CI resilience is lacking. Using Group Model Building combined with the Delphi method, and surveys we have developed a framework to improve CI resilience. This research identifies policies to enhance CI resilience against major industrial accidents across four dimensions (technical, organizational, economic and social) and proposes a temporal order to ensure that the benefit…
Government Performance, Ethics and Corruption in the Global Competitiveness Index
2017
Public administration efficiency is an up to date topic. More in depth, the crucial point is how it is related, on the one hand, with a disruptive phenomenon like corruption and, on the other hand, with ethics. This study aims to show how public sector performance is affected by ethics and corruption. In order to explain such a relationship, this research run a cross-country analysis, where indices of public-sector performance are juxtaposed with corruption levels.
The Impact of China’s “Belt and Road Initiative” on the European Union
2018
After introducing the 1978 reforms, China shifted from a centrally-planned to a market-based economy. The success of these economic reforms has been immense, as today China has become a leading player in the world’s economy. In order to achieve the goal of becoming the world’s biggest superpower within the next 30 years, China’s 13th Five Year Plan (2016–2020) increased the government’s focus on innovation, with particular emphasis on infrastructure development. In this article, we have analyzed the impact of China’s “Belt and Road Initiative” on the European Union. China’s investments have a positive impact on the economic growth of the EU member countries, as they provide new jobs, capita…
The Hopeless and the Ict Transformation
2018
Nothing is better than attempting to transform people by boosting their knowledge and improve their living conditions. In Africa and especially in Togo, Elderly people, Artist Painters and Fishermen even though they would like to contribute to their country’s development by their everyday hard-work, are not emerging. Government is not helping and their activities lack efficiency, proper management and appropriate internal communication and with the external world. This is the reason why the ICT in particular People.net, the knowledge charity infrastructure’s potential are proposed as a solution. Communities and various economic sectors could then reinforce their capacity by acquiring the pr…