Search results for "Expo"
showing 10 items of 2430 documents
Declining exposures to lead and cadmium contribute to explaining the reduction of cardiovascular mortality in the US population, 1988-2004.
2017
Background Lead and cadmium exposures have markedly declined in the USA following the implementation of large-scale public health policies and could have contributed to the unexplained decline in cardiovascular mortality in US adults. We evaluated the potential contribution of lead and cadmium exposure reductions to explain decreasing cardiovascular mortality trends occurring in the USA from 1988-94 to 1999-2004. Methods Prospective study in 15 421 adults ≥40 years old who had participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-94 or 1999-2004. We estimated the amount of change in cardiovascular mortality over time that can be independently attributed to the intermedia…
Cue exposure in alcohol dependent patients: preliminary evidence for different types of cue reactivity.
2000
Craving is considered to be an important phenomenon in addictive behaviours. However, there is still an unresolved debate on what craving for alcohol means, how it is best measured and which clinical and therapeutical consequences its presence or absence may imply. Cue reactivity paradigms have been developed to elicit craving under standardized experimental conditions. Here we present preliminary results characterizing alcohol-dependent patients with regard to subjective and psychophysiological aspects of exposure to alcohol-associated cues in a cue reactivity paradigm. Thirty-six patients fulfilling at least 5 criteria of alcohol dependence according to DSM-IV criteria were studied after …
Multiple pregnancies and air pollution in moderately polluted cities: Is there an association between air pollution and fetal growth?
2018
Background: Multiple pregnancies (where more than one fetus develops simultaneously in the womb) are systematically excluded from studies of the impact of air pollution on pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to analyze, in a population of multiple pregnancies, the relationship between fetal growth restriction (FGR), small for gestational age (SGA) and exposure to air pollution in moderately polluted cities. Methods: All women with multiple pregnancies living in the city of Besançon or in the urban area of Dijon and who delivered at a university hospital between 2005 and 2009 were included. FGR and SGA were obtained from medical records. Outdoor residential nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure wa…
Evidence of the role of short-term exposure to ozone on ischaemic cerebral and cardiac events: the Dijon Vascular Project (DIVA)
2010
Objectives To confirm the effects of short-term exposure to ozone (O 3 ) on ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular disease. Methods Daily levels of urban O 3 pollution, the incidence of first-ever, recurrent, fatal and non-fatal ischaemic cerebrovascular events (ICVE) and myocardial infarction (MI) were correlated using a case-crossover design. The authors analysed 1574 ICVE and 913 MI that occurred in Dijon, France (150 000 inhabitants) from 2001 to 2007. Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter with an aerodiameter of ≤10 μg/m 3 (PM 10 ) were used to create bi-pollutant models. Using the adjusted OR, the effects of O 3 exposure were calcul…
Occupation, education, and Parkinson's disease: A case-control study in an Italian population
1996
Current epidemiologic data on the association between occupational exposures and Parkinson's disease (PD) are inconsistent. In a case-control study, we investigated the associations between occupation and PD and between education and PD. The cases (n = 62) were those identified in a prevalence survey (door-to-door, two-phase) of three Sicilian municipalities, as a November 1, 1987. We then randomly selected from the general population two controls for each case, matched for age ( +/- year), sex, and municipality (n = 124). Information on current and past occupations and education for cases and controls was obtained during the survey. Subjects who worked for most of their lives as farmers we…
Population-based case-control study of essential tremor.
1998
Current epidemiologic data on the association between environmental factors and essential tremor (ET) are scanty. In a population-based case-control study we investigated the relationship between some putative risk factors and ET. In the present study, we included all subjects identified during a door-to-door prevalence survey in a Sicilian community, affected by ET, and alive on 1 November 1987 (n=31). Of the 31 prevalent cases of ET, we were able to contact 28 subjects. Twenty-eight controls were randomly selected from the general population and matched to each case for age and sex. Exposure variables were investigated by interviewing the patients and their controls or close relatives, us…
Activity of O 6 -methylguanine DNA methyltransferase in mononuclear blood cells of formaldehyde-exposed medical students
1999
A recent study reported that exposure of student embalmers in Cincinnati to high concentrations of formaldehyde (2 mg/m3) reduced the activity of the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Reduction in a DNA repair enzyme may strongly increase the cancer risk not only with respect to the repair-enzyme causing agent but with respect to all carcinogens causing lesions subject to repair by the enzyme in question. Thus, we examined whether formaldehyde exposure of 57 medical students during their anatomy course at two different Universities in Germany influenced MGMT activity in mononuclear blood cells. Mean formaldehyde exposure of 41 students was 0.2 +/- 0.05 mg/m3 …
Farm-related exposures and childhood brain tumours in seven countries: results from the SEARCH International Brain Tumour Study.
2003
A total of 1218 cases of childhood brain tumours (CBT) and 2223 control subjects from the general population were included in a population-based case-control study conducted in nine centres in seven countries. Mothers were asked about farm- or agriculture-related exposures. Significantly elevated odds ratios (OR) for CBT were associated with children's personal and maternal prenatal exposure while living on a farm with pigs (child OR = 1.7, mother OR = 2.3), horses (child OR = 1.6, mother OR = 1.8), dogs (child OR = 1.5, mother OR = 1.5) and cats (child OR = 1.5, mother OR = 1.7). Children who were exposed to pigs, horses and cats combined, while living on a farm, had a threefold elevated O…
Prenatal exposure to cooking gas and respiratory health in infants is modified by tobacco smoke exposure and diet in the INMA birth cohort study
2013
Background: Studies that have evaluated the association between exposure to gas appliances emissions at home with respiratory health in children obtained heterogeneous and limited results. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between the use of gas cooking at home during pregnancy and respiratory problems in children during their first year of life. Methods: In the years 2003 through 2008 pregnant women were enrolled in 4 Spanish areas and visited in different age-points following a common protocol. Outcomes studied (from a questionnaire) were any episode of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), wheezing, persistent cough, chestiness and otitis. The association between ex…
A Cohort Study of Childhood Cancer Incidence after Postnatal Diagnostic X-Ray Exposure
2009
Ionizing radiation is an established cause of cancer, yet little is known about the health effects of doses from diagnostic examinations in children. The risk of childhood cancer was studied in a cohort of 92.957 children who had been examined with diagnostic X rays in a large German hospital during 1976-2003. Radiation doses were reconstructed using the individual dose area product and other exposure parameters, together with conversion coefficients developed specifically for the medical devices and standards used at the radiology department. Newly diagnosed cancers occurring between 1980 and 2006 were determined through record linkage to the German Childhood Cancer Registry. The median ra…