Search results for "FYN"

2014

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glial cells of the central nervous system. In the course of brain development, oligodendrocyte precursor cells migrate, scan the environment and differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes with multiple cellular processes which recognize and ensheath neuronal axons. During differentiation, oligodendrocytes undergo dramatic morphological changes requiring cytoskeletal rearrangements which need to be tightly regulated. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fyn plays a central role in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. In order to improve our understanding of the role of oligodendroglial Fyn kinase, we have identified Fyn targets in these cells. Pur…

The transcription factor IRF1 dictates the IL-21-dependent anticancer functions of TH9 cells

2014

The TH9 subset of helper T cells was initially shown to contribute to the induction of autoimmune and allergic diseases, but subsequent evidence has suggested that these cells also exert antitumor activities. However, the molecular events that account for their effector properties are elusive. Here we found that the transcription factor IRF1 enhanced the effector function of TH9 cells and dictated their anticancer properties. Under TH9-skewing conditions, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT1 and subsequent expression of IRF1, which bound to the promoters of Il9 and Il21 and enhanced secretion of the cytokines IL-9 and IL-21 from TH9 cells. Further…

2013

In the central nervous system (CNS) of most vertebrates, oligodendrocytes enwrap neuronal axons with extensions of their plasma membrane to form the myelin sheath. Several proteins are characteristically found in myelin of which Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) is the second most abundant one after Proteolipid Protein (PLP). The lack of functional MBP in rodents results in a severe hypomyelinated phenotype in the CNS demonstrating its importance for myelin synthesis. Mbp mRNA is transported from the nucleus to the plasma membrane and is translated locally at the axon-glial contact site. Axonal properties such as diameter or electrical activity influence the degree of myelination. As oligodendrocy…

Axon-glia interaction and membrane traffic in myelin formation

2014

In vertebrate nervous systems myelination of neuronal axons has evolved to increase conduction velocity of electrical impulses with minimal space and energy requirements. Myelin is formed by specialized glial cells which ensheath axons with a lipid-rich insulating membrane. Myelination is a multi-step process initiated by axon-glia recognition triggering glial polarization followed by targeted myelin membrane expansion and compaction. Thereby, a myelin sheath of complex subdomain structure is established. Continuous communication between neurons and glial cells is essential for myelin maintenance and axonal integrity. A diverse group of diseases, from multiple sclerosis to schizophrenia, ha…

2015

Oligodendrocytes myelinate neuronal axons in the central nervous system (CNS) facilitating rapid transmission of action potentials by saltatory conduction. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is an essential component of myelin and its absence results in severe hypomyelination in the CNS of rodents. Mbp mRNA is not translated immediately after exit from the nucleus in the cytoplasm, but is transported to the plasma membrane in RNA transport granules in a translationally silenced state. We have previously identified the small non-coding RNA 715 (sncRNA715) as an inhibitor of Mbp translation associated with RNA granules. Argonaute (Ago) proteins and small RNAs form the minimal core of the RNA induced …

Entanglements, transmission processes and social identities. The technical traditions of ceramics in the Three-Lakes region and its margins (3600-300…

2019

In Western Europe, the second half of the 4th millennium is a turning point. On the Swiss Plateau, this phase is characterized by the end of Middle Neolithic cultures (Cortaillod and Pfyn) around 3550 BCE, and the emergence of Horgen after 3250 BCE. The transition between these two phases is now better documented thanks to Port-Conty type and Pfyn/Horgen settlements dated around 3400 BCE. This work aims to identify the cultural substract at the origin of the Horgen by characterizing the technical identities and entanglements at the end of the 4th millennium, then by identifying over time the transmission or abandonment of certain ways of making pots in order to determine the share of local …

Contacts culturels au 36e-35e siècles av. J.-C. : les traditions techniques de la céramique de Geispolsheim "Forlen" (Bas-Rhin)

2023

L’étude d’une série de vases du Néolithique récent sur le site de Geispolsheim « Forlen » a permis de définir le Munzingen C, l’étape finale de cette culture en Basse-Alsace (3650-3400 av. J.-C.). Cette définition repose avant tout sur une approche typologique qui a permis de mettre en évidence les fortes affinités existant avec la culture de Pfyn. Cette contribution se propose de compléter cette approche par une analyse technologique qui, bien que confirmant l’originalité de cette production et ses liens avec le Pfyn, permet aussi de mettre en lumière ses relations avec les productions tardives duCortaillod.

Entanglements, transmission processes and social identities : the technical traditions of ceramics in the Trois-Lacs region and its margins (3600-300…

2019

In Western Europe, the second half of the 4th millennium is a turning point. On the Swiss Plateau, this phase is characterized by the end of Middle Neolithic cultures (Cortaillod and Pfyn) around 3550 BCE, and the emergence of Horgen after 3250 BCE. The transition between these two phases is now better documented thanks to Port-Conty type and Pfyn/Horgen settlements dated around 3400 BCE. This work aims to identify the cultural substract at the origin of the Horgen by characterizing the technical identities and entanglements at the end of the 4th millennium, then by identifying over time the transmission or abandonment of certain ways of making pots in order to determine the share of local …

L'habitat néolithique récent de Geispolsheim "Forlen" (Bas-Rhin) : contribution à la périodisation de la culture de Munzingen et à l'étude de ses rel…

2011

The recent Neolithic site of Forlen in Geispolsheim, attributed to the recent Munzingen, has yielded a series of enclosures containing ceramic forms unprecedented in the context of Munzingen B. We have detected the influence of late productions by the Pfyn culture and propose the identification of a new stage in the recent Munzingen, which we have unoriginally named Munzingen C, and is typified by the appearance of ceramic forms with rounded profiles. This episode may date from around 3650-3550 BC, a late dating that has been confirmed by two carbon 14 tests. The discovery allows a strong claim to be made that ancient trading networks that linked the Rhine Valley with the Swiss Plateau and …