Search results for "Frequency control"
showing 5 items of 25 documents
Frequency Stability Measurement of Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillators with a Multichannel Tracking DDS and the Two-Sample Covariance
2018
This article shows the first measurement of three 100 MHz signals exhibiting fluctuations from 2E-16 to parts in 1E-15 for integration time tau between 1 s and 1 day. Such stable signals are provided by three Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillators (CSOs) operating at about 10 GHz, also delivering the 100 MHz output via a dedicated synthesizer. The measurement is made possible by a 6-channel Tracking DDS (TDDS) and the two-sample covariance tool, used to estimate the Allan variance. The use of two TDDS channels per CSO enables high rejection of the instrument background noise. The covariance outperforms the Three-Cornered Hat (TCH) method in that the background converges to zero "out of the box," wi…
Frequency Regulation of Hybrid Power System by Optimized Adaptive Fuzzy PID Controller
2020
In this study, an adaptive fuzzy PID (AFPID) regulator has been proposed for frequency control of hybrid power system. For controller parameter optimization, an upgraded Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) has been employed. In the proposed Upgraded WOA (UWOA) technique, a cosine function is incorporated in the original WOA for determining control parameter to manage the position of whales throughout optimization procedure. Furthermore, scaling factors are employed in original WOA to adjust the travel of whales in search procedure. Proposed UWOA technique is employed to design an AFPID controller for frequency regulation of a hybrid power system It is demonstrated that UWOA technique out per…
Synthetic Inertia Impact on Inter-Area Oscillations of the Continental Europe Power System
2020
The overall kinetic energy reduction due to increasing share of converter-interfaced generation (CIG) has been investigated so far by several works for systems of different types and sizes. The so called synthetic inertia is one of the most common and reviewed solutions to the issue of system inertia reduction. The paper investigates the effects of synthetic inertia as frequency service provided by the CIG sources for the Continental Europe (CE) synchronous area using a detailed large scale dynamic model. The model - provided in the basic form by the System Protection & Dynamics (SP&D) group of the ENTSOE - is properly developed substituting a determined amount of synchronous machin…
Impact of the high share of converter-interfaced generation on electromechanical oscillations in Continental Europe power system
2020
This study investigates the effects of converter-interfaced generation integration on the dynamic response of the power system of Continental Europe. The system is analysed with a large-scale dynamic model of the entire synchronous area, considering different instantaneous integration percentages of converter-interfaced generation across the system. The study focuses on the reduction of the overall available kinetic energy and the impact on frequency dynamics and system oscillations. The dynamic model of the system originally provided by ENTSO-E is further developed according to a specific methodology, replacing a determined amount of synchronous generation and introducing a corresponding a…
Sensitivity Analysis and Frequency Dynamics of Grid-Connected Converters with Virtual Inertia
2021
For the participation in the frequency control of the system, power converters can be controlled with different strategies and methods, sharing the common concept of virtual inertia capability. In this work, a sensitivity analysis of two main categories of converter controls with virtual inertia is presented. The considered schemes are a grid-following current vector control with additional virtual inertia block and a grid-forming control scheme based on virtual synchronous machine concept. A proper basis for the comparison is first assessed providing an analytical correlation between the control parameters of the two schemes. For the two control strategies, the sensitivity analysis of the …