Search results for "Fuel Technology"

Effect of pH, cation concentration and sorbent concentration on cadmium and copper removal by a granular activated carbon

1999

The single adsorption of cadmium and copper from aqueous solutions has been investigated on Darco 12-20 mesh granular activated carbon for a wide range of experimental conditions: pH, metal concentration and carbon concentration. The results showed the efficiency of the activated carbon as sorbent for both metals. Metal removal increases on raising pH and carbon concentration, and decreases on raising the initial metal concentration. The adsorption processes have been modelled using the surface complex formation (SCF) Triple Layer Model (TLM) with a single surface bidentate species or with an overall surface species with fractional stoichiometry. Bidentate stoichiometry considering pH, meta…

Comparison of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and separate hydrolysis and fermentation processes for butanol production from rice straw

2020

Abstract Rice straw (RS) is one of the lignocellulosic wastes with the highest global production. The main objective of this study was to maximise the butanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6422 from RS pretreated by microwave-assisted hydrothermolysis. Two different fermentation strategies were compared: separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF, two-step process) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF, one-step process). In parallel, the variables that significantly affected the butanol production were screened by using fractional factorial designs. Butanol concentration and productivity at 48 h were, respectively, 8% and 173% higher in SSF than in SHF. A one-…

Investigation on Ash Slagging Characteristics During Combustion of Biomass Pellets and Effect of Additives

2017

This study reports a systematic investigation into ash slagging behavior during combustion of barley straw and barley husk pellets with or without additives in a residential pellet burner. The slagging tendencies of the pellets were evaluated based on the amount, chemistry, mineralogy, and morphology of inlet ash formed as slag and sintering degrees of residual ash. The barley straw and husk pellets showed high slagging tendencies with 39 and 54 wt % ingoing ash formed as slag. Analyses using X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microcopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed high concentrations of K, Si, and Ca but a minor amount of P in barley straw slag. The sla…

Obituary for Prof. Dr. Jun-ichi Yoshida

2019

Pyrolysis of vegetable oil soaps—Palm, olive, rapeseed and castor oils

2011

Abstract Saponified, palm, olive, rapeseed and castor oils were pyrolysed (at 750 °C for 20 s) by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass selective and flame ionisation detection (Py-GC/MSD and FID) to clarify their thermochemical behaviours. The liquefiable compounds recovered from palm, olive and rapeseed oils mainly contained linear alkenes (up to C 19 ) and alkanes (up to C 17 ), both similar to those found in gasoline (C 4 –C 10 ) and diesel fuel (C 11 –C 22 ) boiling range fractions of petroleum, whereas in the case of castor oil a significant amount of undesired oxygen-containing products (e.g., ketones and phenols) were formed. The obtained data on reaction mechanisms can also be uti…

Spray Atomization Models in Engine Applications, from Correlations to Direct Numerical Simulations

2011

Sprays are among the very main factors of mixture formation and combustion quality in almost every (IC) engine. They are of great importance in pollutant formation and energy efficiency although adequate modeling is still on development. For many applications, validation and calibration of models are still an open question. Therefore, we present an overview of existing models and propose some trends of improvement. Models are classified in zero dimensional and dimensional classes ranging from simple formulations aimed at close-to-real-time applications to complete detailed description of early atomization stages.

A Validation Methodology for a Combined Heating Cooling and Power (CHCP) Pilot Plant

2004

A great number of variables significantly influence the energetic, environmental and economic results of CHP (Combined Heating and Power) and CHCP (Combined Heating Cooling and Power) plants operation, and as a consequence their project activity is rather complex. In order to select the best layout and properly size the machines, detailed data on hourly electric, thermal, and cooling demand are necessary, so that a series of plant life cycle simulations may have to be carried out. Unfortunately, such detailed data are rarely available, because energy consumptions data for existing buildings are usually derived from aggregated monthly or bimonthly gas and electricity bills. Even more difficu…

Exergoeconomic analysis as support in decision-making for the design and operation of multiple chiller systems in air conditioning applications

2020

Abstract Multiple-chillers systems represent viable solutions for medium/large-scale air conditioning applications characterized by variable cooling demand. The energy efficiency of such systems is influenced by the number of chillers, the combination of cooling capacities, and the load-sharing among the units. Large efforts have been devoted to developing efficient operation strategies for these systems, but rules of thumb are usually adopted for selecting cooling capacities thus leaving room for energy and economic savings. In this paper, exergoeconomic analysis is proposed as a promising method to identify near-optimal design and operation strategies, due to the capability of exergoecono…

Influence of synthesis conditions on the performance of chitosan–Heteropolyacid complexes as membranes for low temperature H2–O2 fuel cell

2015

Flat, free-standing chitosan/phosphotungstic acid (PTA) polyelectrolyte membranes were prepared by in-situ ionotropic gelation process at room temperature on porous alumina support firstly impregnated by H3PW12O40. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of compact and homogeneous membranes, whose thickness resulted to be dependent on chitosan concentration and reticulation time. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evidenced the formation of almost amorphous membrane without appreciable concentration of not protonated NH2 groups and PTA3- ions with preserved Keggin structure. Membranes were tested as proton conductor in low temperature H2-O2 fuel…

Origin based classification of crude oils by infrared spectrometry and chemometrics

2019

Abstract Crude oil samples from different Iranian petrol resources in both, raw and mixture forms have been characterized by attenuated total reflectance mid infrared spectroscopy. Obtained spectra were classified by chemometric techniques to propose a method for geological based classification of crude oil samples. Totally 251 samples from 7 petrol fields and 3 mixtures were analyzed. Mean centering and principal component analysis (PCA) supported – leverage value based outlier detection were used as preprocessing approaches. PCA, cluster analysis and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) were utilized to classify the spectra. Obtained results confirmed that SIMCA is a robust …