Search results for "GASTROINTESTINAL"
showing 10 items of 1016 documents
Chromoendoscopy and intravital staining techniques.
2000
Chromoendoscopy and intravital staining techniques are synonymous methods for the endoscopic early detection of malignant changes in the intestinal tract. Endoscopic intravital staining involves the use of absorptive stains (methylene blue and Lugol's solution), contrast stains (indigo carmine) and reactive stains (Congo red). Lugol's iodine solution is used to identify superficial carcinomas in the squamous epithelium of the oesophagus. Methylene blue stains the specialized intestinal epithelium in Barrett's oesophagus and, in addition to this, is helpful in the diagnosis of dysplasia. Intravital staining with indigo carmine contributes to contrasting and accentuating changed mucosal proce…
Granular cell tumor of stomach: a case report and review of literature.
2006
Granular cell tumor (GCT) was described for the first time by Abrikosoff in 1926. It is a relatively rare neoplasm that may occur at many sites, but most commonly in the skin or soft tissues. The occurrence of GCT in the gastrointestinal tract is rare, accounting approximately for 8% of all tumors, among which the most common site is the esophagus, whereas gastric localization is very rare. Gastric GCTs can be solitary or, more frequently, associated with other gastrointestinal localization. Although GCTs are usually clinically and histologically benign, some malignant cases have been reported. Histologically, these tumors consist of polygonal and fusiform cells disposed in compact "nests" …
Factor VII Deficiency: Clinical Phenotype, Genotype and Therapy
2017
Factor VII deficiency is the most common among rare inherited autosomal recessive bleeding disorders, and is a chameleon disease due to the lack of a direct correlation between plasma levels of coagulation Factor VII and bleeding manifestations. Clinical phenotypes range from asymptomatic condition—even in homozygous subjects—to severe life-threatening bleedings (central nervous system, gastrointestinal bleeding). Prediction of bleeding risk is thus based on multiple parameters that challenge disease management. Spontaneous or surgical bleedings require accurate treatment schedules, and patients at high risk of severe hemorrhages may need prophylaxis from childhood onwards. The aim of the c…
Role of Nitric Oxide in Gastrointestinal Inflammatory and Ulcerative Diseases: Perspective for Drugs Development
2001
Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous molecule involved in a variety of biological processes. The specific action of NO depends on its enzymatic sources namely neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) and all three isoforms have been localized in the gastrointestinal tract. Constitutive synthesis of NO by nNOS or eNOS isoforms is involved in the maintaining of the gastrointestinal mucosal integrity through modulation of gastric mucosal blood flow, epithelial secretion and barrier function. However, large amounts of NO synthesized from the inducible isoform have been implicated in tissue injury in the gut during inflammatory reactions. In this review we p…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Stress Ulcer Bleeding Prophylaxis with Proton Pump Inhibitors, H2 Receptor Antagonists
2012
Abstract Objectives Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) present varying pharmacological efficacy in preventing stress ulcer bleeding (SUB) in intensive care units. The literature also reports disparate rates of ventilator-assisted pneumonia (VAP) as side effects of these treatments. We compared the cost-effectiveness of these two prophylactic pharmacological options. Methods We constructed a decision tree with a 60-day time horizon for patients at high risk for developing SUB, receiving either PPIs or H2RAs. For each treatment strategy, patients could be in one of three states of health: SUB, VAP, or no complication. Contemporary, clinically relevant probabilit…
Postoperative complications and waiting time for surgical intervention after radiologically guided drainage of intra-abdominal abscess in patients wi…
2021
Abstract Background In patients with active Crohn’s disease (CD), treatment of intra-abdominal abscess usually comprises antibiotics and radiologically guided percutaneous drainage (PD) preceding surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of postoperative complications and identify the optimal time interval for surgical intervention after PD. Methods A multicentre, international, retrospective cohort study was carried out. Details of patients with diagnosis of CD who underwent ultrasonography- or CT-guided PD were retrieved from hospital records using international classification of disease (ICD-10) diagnosis code for CD combined with procedure code for PD. Clinical variable…
Small bowel motility: relationship between smooth muscle contraction and electroenterogram signal.
2000
A study is made to correlate the electrical and mechanical activity of the smooth muscle of the small bowel. Bioelectrical signal recording from the intestinal serosa (electroenterogram) comprises a slow wave (SW) and spike burst (SB), though only the latter reflects intestinal pressure. The electroenterogram and smooth muscle pressure are simultaneously recorded in the canine small bowel. Spectral and time series analysis of the electroenterogram are performed to establish those electrical parameters that best reflect intestinal pressure. The results reveal an underlying correlation between the estimated parameters of electrical activity and smooth muscle pressure. In addition, parameters …
Diet and Neurocognition in Mood Disorders - an Overview of the Overlooked.
2019
Bipolar disorder and major depression are associated with significant disability, morbidity, and reduced life expectancy. People with mood disorders have shown higher ratios of unhealthy lifestyle choices, including poor diet quality and suboptimal nutrition. Diet and nutrition impact on brain /mental health, but cognitive outcomes have been less researched in psychiatric disorders. Neurocognitive dysfunction is a major driver of social dysfunction and a therapeutic target in mood disorders, although effective cognitive-enhancers are currently lacking. This narrative review aimed to assess the potential cognitive benefits of dietary and nutritional interventions in subjects diagnosed with m…
GABA and GABA receptors in the gastrointestinal tract: from motility to inflammation
2015
Although an extensive body of literature confirmed γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as mediator within the enteric nervous system (ENS) controlling gastrointestinal (GI) function, the true significance of GABAergic signalling in the gut is still a matter of debate. GABAergic cells in the bowel include neuronal and endocrine-like cells, suggesting GABA as modulator of both motor and secretory GI activity. GABA effects in the GI tract depend on the activation of ionotropic GABAA and GABAC receptors and metabotropic GABAB receptors, resulting in a potential noteworthy regulation of both the excitatory and inhibitory signalling in the ENS. However, the preservation of GABAergic signalling in the gut …
Intestinal transport in constipation and diarrhoea.
1988
Approximatively 10 liters of fluid enter the gastrointestinal tract with food and endogenous secretions, and only less than 100 ml or 1% leave it with the faeces. Minor changes of this equilibrium in the intestinal transport may cause diarrhoea or constipation. Functions of small and large intestine differ markedly in transport of electrolytes and water. The relatively leaky epithelium of the small intestine allows for rapid equilibrium of osmolality in both directions while the tight epithelium of the colon preserves electrolytes and water once they have been absorbed. It may compensate secretory diarrhoea of the small intestine for instance caused by bacterial toxins to a certain degree u…