Search results for "GREMLIN"
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Upregulation of activin-B and follistatin in pulmonary fibrosis: a translational study using human biopsies and a specific inhibitor in mouse fibrosi…
2014
Background: Activins are members of the TGF-ß superfamily of growth factors. First, we identified by expression array screening that activin-B and follistatin are upregulated in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Next, we wanted to clarify their specific role in lung fibrosis formation. Methods: We used specific antibodies for activin-A and -B subunits and follistatin to measure and localize their levels in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and control lung biopsies. To inhibit activin signaling, we used soluble activin type IIB receptor fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1 (sActRIIB-Fc) in two different mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis. Results: Activin-B and follistatin mRNA levels…
CONSERVED CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN DEVELOPMENT
2002
This review discusses examples of conserved cellular and molecular mechansims in development, including the pathway of signal transduction between the photoreceptors R8 and R7 in Drosophila, which is compared to vulval induction in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Wg pathway in Drosophila is compared, first, to the Wnt pathway in dorsal mesoderm specification in Xenopus: second, to the same pathway in sea urchins; third, to the equivalent in the mom cascade of C. elegans; and finally, to parts of the equivalent pathway in Dictyostelium discoideum. The conserved expression of some hox genes in vertebrate limb buds and in the heads or tails of several invertebrate and vertebrate embryos is also il…