Search results for "Grapevine"

Dexipm-Grapevine : a multicriteria assessment tool of the sustainability for grapevine farming systems

2015

The development of innovative farming systems to reach new goals of agricultural sustainability needs new methods for efficiency assessment. DEXiPM-Grapevine© is a multicriteria assessment tool for overall sustainability of grapevine farming systems adapted from DEXiPM arable crops (Pelzer et al, 2012). DEXiPM-Grapevine© was implemented during the European PURE Project 2012-2015 (Integrated Pest Management (IPM) solutions in agriculture) in order to assess and compare various innovative grapevine systems. This model includes 65 basic attributes describing the cropping system, which are then combined into 97 aggregated attributes, designed to assess the economic, social and environmental per…

Should grape moth larval immunity help explaining resistance against natural enemies?

2011

National audience; In tritrophic systems (plants, phytophagous insects and natural enemies), host plant variation often keys the relative performance of both the herbivore and its associated natural enemies. In bottom-up effects, host plants could affect the fitness of phytophagous insects including growth rate and adult fertility. These effects are indirectly reflected in parasitoids whose success depends on their host quality. For instance, nutrient deficiency or/and toxic defensive compounds of the plants could slow-down the development of herbivorous insects, thus extending the window of vulnerability of attacks by natural enemies. The immune system is arguably the most common resistanc…

Identification et caractérisation du récepteur à la flagelline (VvFLS2) et recherche du récepteur aux chito-oligosaccharides chez la vigne

2014

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) play a key role in plant immunity by assuring recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), signature of microbial presence. MAMP perception constitutes the first layer of pathogen detection and activates defense mechanisms that aim to block the intruder. This study brings an insight into how grapevine (Vitis vinifera) perceives two MAMPs: the flagellin-derived flg22 peptide and chitin, which are conserved motifs occurring over the whole bacterial and fungal classes, respectively. This study analyzed MAMP-triggered early signaling events, defense gene expression and also the efficiency of elicited defense against gray mold and downy milde…

Trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate induce stomatal movements and interfere with ABA-induced stomatal closure in grapevine

2015

Aims: The effects of trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), among other sugars, were assessed on grapevine stomatal movements. Methods and results: Epidermal peels were used to assess the effects of sugars. Low concentrations of trehalose and T6P (1 μM) induced an osmotic-independent reduction of the stomatal aperture in light conditions. Furthermore, ABA-induced stomatal closure was reduced by sugar application in association with lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species in guard cells. Similar effects, although weaker, were observed in response to the disaccharides sucrose and maltose, but not in response to the monosaccharides fructose and glucose. Conclusion: This study clearly…

Induced resistance as a strategy for vineyard protection

2012

National audience; As most grown grapevine Vitis vinifera varieties are susceptible to diseases such as downy and powdery mildews, numerous treatments are required to ensure a satisfactory yield and harvest quality. However, the use of phytochemical fungicides has serious drawbacks: some of them are potentially harmful for the environment and human health and contribute to the selection of resistant pathogen strains. Nowadays, in an objective of sustainable viticulture, there is increasing societal request, political incitation and winegrower’s awareness to reduce the use of pesticides. For these reasons, alternative strategies of protection are under research. In our laboratory, we are stu…

An endophytic bacillus subtilis strain protects grapevine against downy mildew by direct effect and defense stimulation

2018

National audience; Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, is one of the most devastating grape pathogen. Phytochemicals are generally used to control infections, but the appearance of resistant strains and the concern for possible adverse effects on environment and human health are increasing the search for alternative strategies. Biological control has received a great deal of attention as an alternative and promising measure to control different plant diseases. Many antagonistic microorganisms, including Bacillus spp., have been exploited against different pathogens. Bacillus spp. activity results from multiple modes of action including antibiosis, competition, a…

Volatile organic compounds: a role in elicitor-induced resistance of grapevine against pathogens?

2014

International audience; As Vitis vinifera varieties are susceptible to fungal diseases, numerous chemical treatments are generally required to ensure the quantity and quality of the harvest. However, in the context of sustainable viticulture, there are increasing societal request, political incitation, and winegrowers’ awareness to reduce the use of pesticides. Among possible solutions the use of elicitors that could be included in integrated pest management or biocontrol strategies might be very promising. These bioactive compounds are able to trigger plant defences, leading to induced resistance (IR) against pathogens. Despite IR can be elicited very successfully in controlled environment…

Identification of the VvFLS2 grapevine flagellin receptor by a functional genomics strategy

2012

BioVine project - Increase plant health through mycorrhizal fungi

2021

National audience; Organic vineyards still rely on large external inputs to control harmful organisms. BIOVINEwill develop natural solutions based on plant diversity to control pests and reduce pesticidedependence. The capacity of plants of increasing the ecosystem resistance to pests and invasivespecies is a well-known ecosystem service. However, monocultures like vineyards do notexploit the potential of plant diversity. BIOVINE aims to develop new viticultural systemsbased on increased plant diversity within (e.g. cover crops) and/or around vineyards by plantingselected plant species for the control of arthropods, soil-borne pests (oomycetes, fungi,nematodes), and foliar pathogens. Candid…

Botrytis cinerea strains infecting grapevine and tomato display contrasted repertoires of accessory chromosomes, transposons and small RNAs

2022

Botrytis cinerea stands out for having a wide host range and is qualified as generalist.Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that it actually corresponds to co-existing populationsthat show a certain level of host specialization, as described for the French populations T andG1, specialized on tomato and grapevine, respectively (Mercier et al., 2019, Env. Microbiol.21, 4808–21; Mercier et al., 2021 Phytopathology, 111,2355-66).What are the molecular determinants responsible for such host-specialization? PreviousIllumina sequencing data revealed genes under positive selection encoding cellulases,pectinases and enzymes involved in the oxidative stress response suggesting that theseactivities m…