Search results for "Guillotine"
showing 8 items of 8 documents
Ethics in designing intelligent systems
2019
The idea of Hume’s guillotine contains the argument that one cannot derive values from facts. As intelligent systems operate with facts, Hume’s famous dilemma seems to contradict the very idea of being able to create ethical intelligent systems. In a closer look, ethics is a system of rules guiding actions. Actions always have factual or cognitive aspects, as well as evaluative or emotional aspects. Therefore, Hume’s juxtaposition of facts and norms is not well-founded. Instead of separating the facts and norms it should rather ask what kinds of facts are associated to what kinds of norms. Consequently, Hume’s guillotine sets no limits in processing ethical information, as one can combine f…
Justice des Lumières et guillotine: un problème philosophique
2012
In "Justice during the Enlightenment and the Guillotine: a Philosophical Problem", Luigi Delia reconsiders the dispute over capital punishment in the France of the Ancien Regime, and especially Guillotin's proposed reform, linking the maintenance of the death penalty to the idea that the use of a mechanical device for its implementation works in favour of a more democratic, secular and humane penal system. Without attempting to establish a direct connection between the Enlightenment and the guillotine in an instrumental relationship of cause and effect, Luigi Delia raises the question of how the two phenomena are interrelated: in what way is the guillotine dependent on the legal culture of …
Histoire de la peine de mort en France (1789-1981)
2006
L’abolition de la peine de mort dans la législation pénale française date de 1981, concluant un long combat qui a duré près de deux siècles, depuis le projet de Code pénal soumis en 1791 à l’Assemblée constituante jusqu’à la loi du 9 octobre 1981 portant abolition de la peine de mort.A l’occasion du 25e anniversaire de l’abolition, le site web Criminocorpus a mis en ligne, le 10 octobre 2006 :- Les textes (1791, 1908 et 1981)La retranscription intégrale des trois débats parlementaires ayant eu lieu sur ce thème.- Un article de synthèse : La peine de mort en France : Deux siècles pour une abolition. 1791-1981- Une exposition virtuelleLe parcours complet est composé de plus de deux cents page…
Hume’s Guillotine Resolved
2020
According to Hume’s guillotine, one cannot derive values from facts. Since intelligent systems are fact processors, one can ask how ethical machines can be possible. However, ethics is a real-life process. People analyze actions and situations emotionally and cognitively. Thus they learn rules, such as “this situation feels good/bad.” The cognitive analysis of actions is associated with emotional analysis. The association of action, emotion and cognition can be termed a primary ethical schema. Through an ethical information process in which emotions and cognitions interact in social discourse, primary ethical schemas are refined into ethical norms. Each component of the process is different…
Illuminismo e giustizia penale. Il caso della ghigliottina
2011
International audience; A mechanical daughter of the enlightenment, the guillotine remains a frightening symbol of its dialectic. Being one of the most troubling inventions of utilitarian rationalism in modern europe, it meets the expectations of equality, secularism, and humanity of the legal culture of Philosophes. Focusing on the texts and contexts of the institution of this lethal machine in the administration of justice, this article examines the anthropological sense and the political dimension of the recourse to the machine. Is the mechanization of capital punishment a step forward in the humanization of social relations or the entry in the era of technical inhumanity? In this ambigu…
Hume’s Guillotine in Designing Ethically Intelligent Technologies
2020
Intelligent machines can follow ethical rules in their behaviour. However, it is less clear whether intelligent systems can also create new ethical principles. The former position can be called weak ethical AI and the latter strong ethical AI. Hume’s guillotine which claims that one cannot derive values from facts appears to be a fundamental obstacle to strong ethical AI. The analysis of human ethical information processes provides clarity to the possibility of strong ethical AI. Human ethical information processing begins with positive of negative emotions associated to situations. Situations can be seen as consequences of actions and for this reason people can define rules about acceptabi…
Hume’s guillotine and intelligent technologies
2021
AbstractEmerging intelligent society shall change the way people are organised around their work and consequently also as a society. One approach to investigating intelligent systems and their social influence is information processing. Intelligence is information processing. However, factual and ethical information are different. Facts concern true vs. false, while ethics is about what should be done. David Hume recognised a fundamental problem in this respect, which is that facts can be used to derive values. His answer was negative, which is critical for developing intelligent ethical technologies. Hume’s problem is not crucial when values can be assigned to technologies, i.e. weak ethic…
Designing Ethical AI in the Shadow of Hume’s Guillotine
2020
Artificially intelligent systems can collect knowledge regarding epistemic information, but can they be used to derive new values? Epistemic information concerns facts, including how things are in the world, and ethical values concern how actions should be taken. The operation of artificial intelligence (AI) is based on facts, but it require values. A critical question here regards Hume’s Guillotine, which claims that one cannot derive values from facts. Hume’s Guillotine appears to divide AI systems into two ethical categories: weak and strong. Ethically weak AI systems can be applied only within given value rules, but ethically strong AI systems may be able to generate new values from fac…