Search results for "HERBAGE"
showing 10 items of 25 documents
Semi-natural habitats in boreal Europe: a rise of a social-ecological research agenda
2021
The European continent contains substantial areas of semi-natural habitats, mostly grasslands, which are among the most endangered habitats in Europe. Their continued existence depends on some form of human activity, for either production or conservation purposes, or both. We examined the share of semi-natural grasslands within the general grassland areas in boreal Europe. We reviewed research literature across the region to compile evidence on semi-natural grasslands and other semi-natural habitats, such as wooded pastures, in respect to a range of topics such as ecology, land-use change, socioeconomics, and production. We also explored drivers of the research agenda and outlined future re…
Biodiversity-functioning relations in microorganisms
2006
The role of microorganisms as key components in the functioning of ecosystems and biodiversity is discussed. The latest methodologies developed to study microbial diversity and functioning of ecosystems are considered, as DNA extraction and isotope labeling, fluorescent in situ hybridization and microautoradiography, and tracking of a substrate labeled with a stable isotope. Investigations related to correlations between microbial diversity and functioning in situ are considered. An example is illustrated of a correlation of erosion of microbial diversity of natural microbial community in prairie soil and erosion of species diversity in an ecosystem.
The maturity stage of the grass affects milk fatty acids of cows grazing a mountain grassland
2010
International audience; We aimed to quantify the effect of the growth stage of a mountain grassland pasture on the fatty acid (FA) composition of grass and milk. In June (growth) and October (regrowth), a mountain pasture was continuously grazed by six dairy cows in a strip grazing system. During June, the grass C18:3n-3 content decreased while C16:0, c9-C18:1 and C18:2n-6 content increased. During October, the grass FA composition was similar to that observed in the first part of June. During June, milk saturated FA (SFA) content increased while the sum of the trans FA and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) content decreased, mainly due to the decrease in C18:3n-3 and c9t11-CLA percentages. At the …
Raisonnement des pratiques et des changements de pratiques en matière de désherbage : regards agronomique et sociologique à partir d’enquêtes chez de…
2008
To ensure successful, more sustainable weed management practices, it is crucial to take account of farmer’s decision-making processes. Agronomists revealed that interviewed farmers had complex and various weeding programmes, and that, when designing these programmes, they integrated different time scales: the current year, the rotation, and the long term. They gave some light, too, on the decision-making processes and how it changes over time. Sociologists analyzed the way wine-growers bring about change from the cognitive angle and its bearing on interactive dialogue between the wine-growers themselves as well as with technical advisors
Résistances aux herbicides : panics dans le riz !
2014
SPE GEAPSI CT1; Des difficultés de désherbage à l’aide d’herbicides inhibiteurs de l’ALS (groupe B du HRAC) ayant été notées en riziculture, en Camargue (France), sur des panics, l’hypothèse d’une sélection de résistance a été étudiée. Des prélèvements ont été effectués sur 28 parcelles à raison d’une feuille de 40 plantes différentes par parcelle. Des tests ADN ont permis d’identifier les espèces en présence. Puis des tests PCR ont permis de rechercher la présence de mutations entraînant des résistances aux herbicides inhibiteurs de l’ALS. Vu le nombre d’analyses à réaliser (7 codons sur 40 plantes x 28 parcelles), le séquençage « 454 » a été utilisé. Deux espèces de panics ont été identif…
Résistances aux herbicides : au Nord, c’étaient les Laiterons !
2016
SPEGESTAD; Contexte - Après des échecs de désherbage de laiteron épineux à l’aide d’herbicides inhibiteurs de l’ALS (groupe HRAC B) en culture d’endives, l’hypothèse de la présence d’une résistance à ces herbicides a été étudiée. étude - Des tests biologiques avec un herbicide du groupe B (rimsulfuron) ont été effectués sur des populations provenant de parcelles « à problème ». Le gène de l’ALS a également été séquencé afin de rechercher la présence de mutations causant une résistance aux herbicides inhibiteurs de l’ALS dans ces populations. résultats - Les tests biologiques ont montré l’existence d’une résistance au rimsulfuron dans les trois parcelles étudiées. Des mutations au codon 197 …
Autumn herbicides, an efficient chemical tool against ergot of grasses
2013
Maktheshim Agan France analyzed 14 weeding trials, carried out in 2011-2012, to identify the indirect effect of weeding on the development of ergot. Field trials were set up on straw cereals (rye, wheat and triticale), with a contamination of ergot sclerotia and artificial infestation of grassy weeds susceptible to sulfonylureas. Two herbicides: isoproturon and chlortoluron, used alone or followed by a sulfonylurea, were compared to untreated control. All the assessments show that herbicides decreased the amount of sclerotia and even more the alkaloid content in harvest. This effect was higher with the herbicide program (urea applied in autumn /sulfonylurea at the end of winter). This study…
La conférence du Columa 2013 racontée par des étudiants AgroSup-Dijon
2014
Document accessible depuis la notice de ProdInra : https://prodinra.inra.fr/?locale=en#!ConsultNotice:306111; La 22e conférence du Columa de l’AFPP, tenue à Dijon du 11 au 13 décembre 2013, a été suivie par des étudiants d’AgroSup-Dijon. Ils rendent compte ici de ce qu’ils en ont retenu. Ils analysent particulièrement les sessions : – « Nuisibilité » des adventices (indirecte, ex. : favoriser l’ergot, et directe). – « Cultures méditerranéennes et tropicales » (différences Dom-Tom/autres pays, techniques émergentes). – « Résistance » (extension, mécanismes, facteurs de risque). – « Transfert aux milieux » (facteurs de risque de pollution des eaux, suivis et modélisation pour les prévoir). – …
GeneSys-Beet: A model of the effects of cropping systems on gene flow between sugar beet and weed beet
2008
A weedy form of the genus Beta, i.e. Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (hence ''weed beet'') frequently found in sugar beet is impossible to eliminate with herbicides because of its genetic proximity to the crop. It is presumed to be the progeny of accidental hybrids between sugar beet (ssp. vulgaris) and wild beet (ssp. maritima), or of sugar beet varieties sensitive to vernalization and sown early in years with late cold spells. In this context, genetically modified (GM) sugar beet varieties tolerant to non-selective herbicides would be interesting to manage weed beet. However, because of the proximity of the weed to the crop, it is highly probable that the herbicide-tolerance transgene would b…
La nuisibilité directe des adventices en grandes cultures : quelles réponses nous apportent les essais désherbages ?
2016
The direct harmful effect of weeds in field crops : what do herbicide trials tell us ? Weeds are plants whose undesirable qualities (“harmfulness") outweigh their desirable qualities (trophic resources). Few studies conclude that weeds do not affect crop yield. However, it is difficult to generalize since weeds compete with crops for resources and these resources are spatially and temporally variable. This study analyzed 110 herbicide trials (untreated vs. treated plots) performed in France from 1993 to 2015 on three major grain crops: winter wheat, winter oilseed rape and sunflower. Significant yield losses were found in 92% of wheat trials (average over all trials: -2.6 t/ha), 51% of wint…