Search results for "HIERARCHY"
showing 10 items of 312 documents
Spatial Structures of the Philippines: Urbanization and Regional Inequalities
2017
This chapter examines the fundamental spatial structures of the Philippines. It defines the role and organization of the different levels of the administrative hierarchy (provinces, regions, cities and municipalities) down to the barangay and sitio/purok levels. This leads to the definition of the “urban” in the Philippines and the rise of urbanization in recent decades, from the original urban settlements of the Spanish era, with their patterns following the same rules as in Latin America (fort, church and plaza), to today’s cities. Forms of housing have evolved over time, from the archetypal bamboo/nipa hut (bahay kubo) and the urban stone and wood house of the elites (bahay na bato), now…
Urban-rural Interactions in Latvia
2010
Policies and plans for rural areas tend to start by assuming that they are separate and distinctive from urban areas, and that this distinctiveness is more important than any of their other characteristics. Laila Kule argues that this introduces an unwelcome hierarchy in regional development priorities, and shows how Latvia has attempted to build on connectivity rather than difference in urban-rural development.
Volatile Markets and Reluctant Entrepreneurs?
2011
Winston (1999) asks how well experience with the microeconomic theory of firms and commercial markets helps in understanding the economics of higher education. “That experience and those insights will be used by trustees, politicians, administrators, lawyers, reporters and the public, as well as by economists, to understand and evaluate the behavior of colleges and universities” (Winston, 1999, p. 13). What is interesting is who is not mentioned: faculty and students. This is because Winston’s purpose is to problematize the economic analogies of student and customer, as well as faculty markets and labor markets. Winton’s purpose is now very relevant in Finland. As of 1 January 2010, the Fin…
Domestic Agencies in an Emergent European Executive Order
2011
Abstract This article poses the following question: who is in control of domestic agencies when they are handling domestic ‘EU affairs’ broadly speaking? The article demonstrates that domestic agencies are primarily steered by their parent ministry, being largely ‘single‐hatted’. This observation does not render ‘double‐hatted’ agencies implausible — as for example when domestic agencies practise EU legislation — generating a compound European executive order. The empirical analysis benefits from a large‐N elite survey among 1452 domestic agency officials. This article contests claims that the ‘agencification’ of domestic government systems as well as their involvement in an emergent Europe…
Is there a need for a new cultural policy strategy in the Nordic welfare state?
1996
Cultural policies have existed as a structural element of the Nordic welfare states from the very beginning. Today these policies are being re‐evaluated, and there are some indications that they may be gradually dismantled. Local cultural politicians in municipalities (cultural boards) and professionals (e.g. cultural secretaries) have become uncertain and anxious about their future role and legitimacy. This new situation is addressed and analysed by using the ideas of Goffman's on‐and off‐stage representations, and Foucault's governmentality. Important background factors in the development of cultural policies both in the past, present and future are identified and used to explain the pres…
Public choice of urban water service management: a multi-criteria approach
2013
Local policy makers in developed countries have to make decisions in increasingly complex scenarios. Consequently, they should use all the tools available when deciding which management option is the most suitable for urban water service, given how important that service is and the variety of criteria involved in making such a decision. This article employs ‘analytic hierarchy process’ techniques to perform an ex post analysis of the decision to transfer the management of the urban water service in Granada (in southern Spain) to a public-private partnership. The main conclusion is that the decision was rational, in that it was the best possible alternative considering the hierarchy of prefe…
What Do You Need a Mathematician For? Martinus Hortensius ’s “Speech on the Dignity and Utility of the Mathematical Sciences ” (Amsterdam 1634)
2004
Send submissions to David E. Rowe, Fachbereich 17--Mathematik, Johannes Gutenberg University, D55099 Mainz, Germany. I n early modem Europe the term mathematical sciences was used to describe those fields of knowledge that depended on measure, number, and weight--reflecting the much-quoted passage from the Wisdom of Solomon 11, 20: "but thou hast ordered all things in measure and number and weight." This included astrology and architecture as well as arithmetic and astronomy. These scientiae or disciplinae mathematicae were generally subdivided into mathematicae purae, dealing with quantity, continuous and discrete as in geometry and arithmetic, and mathematicae mix tae or mediae, dealing n…
Forest management planning at different geographic levels in Italy: hierarchy, current tools and ongoing development
2009
This paper examines the current status of forest management tools and their pplication at different levels in Italy where the majority of land planning has been and is still being done at the “micro-scale”, meaning that specific local issues are dealt with locally. Starting from international European Union law, the authors review the forest acts that led from the National Forest Plan (NFP) to smaller scales, in relation to their geographic and territorial applicability. Scaling down from the NFP to the local level the various Italian forest programmes and plans are analysed according to a vertical logic (hierarchical mode): Regional Forest Programme (RFP), Territorial (i.e. sub-regional) F…
Discovering learning paths on a domain ontology using natural language interaction
2005
The present work investigates the problem of determining a learning path inside a suitable domain ontology. The proposed approach enables the user of a web learning application to interact with the system using natural language in order to browse the ontology itself. The course related knowledge is arranged as a three level hierarchy: content level, symbolic level, and conceptual level bridging the previous ones. The implementation of the ontological, the interaction, and the presentation component inside the TutorJ system is explained, and the first results are presented.
Educational Governance: Politics, Administration and Professionalism
2014
The current restructuring of Nordic educational governance systems is creating new relationships between the state, local authorities and schools and, therefore, between politicians, managers and educational professionals. With inspiration from transnational agencies – primarily the OECD – new chains of governance are being created. Some elements of governance are being de-centralised, whilst other elements are being re-centralised. The couplings of economies, human resource management and operations are being loosened while at the same time the links between an educational content, aims and accountabilities are being tightened. This tendency has also led/made many municipalities to restruc…