Search results for "HIV"

How can the gut microbiota affect immune recovery in HIV-infected individuals?

2017

The purine analogues abacavir and didanosine increase acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by enhancing mitochondrial dysfunction

2016

Background NRTIs are essential components of HIV therapy with well-documented, long-term mitochondrial toxicity in hepatic cells, but whose acute effects on mitochondria are unclear. As acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity also involves mitochondrial interference, we hypothesized that it would be exacerbated in the context of ART. Methods We evaluated the acute effects of clinically relevant concentrations of the most widely used NRTIs, alone or combined with acetaminophen, on mitochondrial function and cellular viability. Results The purine analogues abacavir and didanosine produced an immediate and concentration-dependent inhibition of oxygen consumption and complex I and III activity. Th…

The substitution rate of HIV-1 subtypes: a genomic approach

2017

Abstract HIV-1M causes most infections in the AIDS pandemic. Its genetic diversity is defined by nine pure subtypes and more than sixty recombinant forms. We have performed a comparative analysis of the evolutionary rate of five pure subtypes (A1, B, C, D, and G) and two circulating recombinant forms (CRF01_AE and CRF02 AG) using data obtained from nearly complete genome coding sequences. Times to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) and substitution rates of these HIV genomes, and their genomic partitions, were estimated by Bayesian coalescent analyses. Genomic substitution rate estimates were compared between the HIV-1 datasets analyzed by means of randomization tests. Significant diff…

Harmonising and linking biomedical and clinical data across disparate data archives to enable integrative cross-biobank research

2015

A wealth of biospecimen samples are stored in modern globally distributed biobanks. Biomedical researchers worldwide need to be able to combine the available resources to improve the power of large-scale studies. A prerequisite for this effort is to be able to search and access phenotypic, clinical and other information about samples that are currently stored at biobanks in an integrated manner. However, privacy issues together with heterogeneous information systems and the lack of agreed-upon vocabularies have made specimen searching across multiple biobanks extremely challenging. We describe three case studies where we have linked samples and sample descriptions in order to facilitate glo…

Pre-ART HIV-1 DNA in CD4+ T cells correlates with baseline viro-immunological status and outcome in patients under first-line ART

2018

Objectives We evaluated the association between pre-ART HIV DNA and HIV-infected participant characteristics at baseline as well as with their response to first-line ART. Methods Four hundred and thirty-three patients from the ICONA cohort, starting first-line ART after the year 2000, were analysed. Pre-ART HIV DNA was quantified with the modified COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Test and normalized by CD4+ T cells. Linear correlation between pre-ART HIV DNA and other continuous markers (HIV RNA, CD4 count, markers of inflammation and coagulation) at baseline was evaluated by means of Pearson correlation coefficient and a linear regression model. Survival analyses and Cox regression models were used to s…

Plasmablastic lymphoma as a manifestation of the human immunodeficiency virus: Case report

2020

Plasmablastic lymphoma is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, which generally presents an aggressive clinical course and low survival rates. It is strongly associated with HIV infection and the most common site of involvement of the territory of the head and neck is Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring, followed by the gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes and skin. The morphological characteristics of PBL in the oral cavity / jaw in the context of HIV infection show diffuse sheets of large immunoblastic cells with abundant cytoplasm, vesicular chromatin and prominent nucleus, a small located in the center with plasma cells differentiation. The main goal of this article is to review the literature…

Apoptosis of Hepatocytes: Relevance for HIV-Infected Patients under Treatment.

2021

Due to medical advances over the past few decades, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, once a devastatingly mortal pandemic, has become a manageable chronic condition. However, available antiretroviral treatments (cART) cannot fully restore immune health and, consequently, a number of inflammation-associated and/or immunodeficiency complications have manifested themselves in treated HIV-infected patients. Among these chronic, non-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)-related conditions, liver disease is one of the deadliest, proving to be fatal for 15–17% of these individuals. Aside from the presence of liver-related comorbidities, including metabolic disturbances and co-infe…

HLA-E-Restricted CD8+ T Lymphocytes Efficiently Control Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV-1 Co-Infection

2020

We investigated the contribution of human leukocyte antigen A2 (HLA-A2) and HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) coinfection. HIV-1 downregulates HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules in infected cells, thus influencing recognition by HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T cells but not by HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells, owing to the inability of the virus to downmodulate their expression. Therefore, antigen-specific HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells could play a protective role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV-1 coinfection. HLA-E- and HLA-A2-restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells were tested in vitro for cyt…

Identification of a large, fast-expanding HIV-1 subtype B transmission cluster among MSM in Valencia, Spain

2017

We describe and characterize an exceptionally large HIV-1 subtype B transmission cluster occurring in the Comunidad Valenciana (CV, Spain). A total of 1806 HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) sequences from different patients were obtained in the CV between 2004 and 2014. After subtyping and generating a phylogenetic tree with additional HIV-1 subtype B sequences, a very large transmission cluster which included almost exclusively sequences from the CV was detected (n = 143 patients). This cluster was then validated and characterized with further maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses and Bayesian coalescent reconstructions. With these analyses, the CV cluster was delimited to 11…

Oral manifestations, salivary flow rates and Candida species in Thai HIV-infected patients

2019

Background Effects of various Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) regimens on oral heath are unclear. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate effects of HAART on oral manifestations, salivary flow rates (SFR) and Candida species in HIV-infected patients who took mostly non-protease inhibitor-based HAART regimens. Material and methods A cross-sectional study was performed on HIV-infected patients taking and never taken HAART who attended Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (n = 48). Non-HIV subjects were recruited as control (n = 20). Oral conditions and salivary flow rates were evaluated using oral examination and measurement of unstimulated and stimulated saliva. In addition, Candida col…