Search results for "Horizontal and vertical"

European administrative centre formation. Lessons from international bureaucracies

2011

The strengthening of administrative powers is comprehensively documented within national governments. This article asks to what extent centre formation also happens within international bureaucracies. Based on a large body of data (N=121) within three international bureaucracies, this study adds two new observations: First, administrative centre formation is primarily observed inside the European Commission and only marginally within other international bureaucracies – such as the OECD and WTO Secretariats. Moreover, within the Commission, centre formation is primarily observed at the administrative centre (the General Secretariat) and only marginally within bureaucratic sub-units. Concomit…

Criterios y sistemas de promoción profesional y ascensos y no discriminación por razón de género

2021

The legal guarantees to protect workers’ right to professional promotion and/or advancement in their profesional careers without suffering gender discrimination is a highly important issue in order to achieve an effective substantive equality between women and men in the labour relations field. To eradicate or, at least, considerably reduce the observed horizontal and vertical segregation in our labour market today, it is necessary to identify key factors such as those preventing female workers from professional promotion or, at least, those making their promotion more difficult than in the case of their male colleagues. The aim of this paper/report is to point out the main key factors that…

The middle house or the middle floor: Bisecting horizontal and vertical mental number lines in neglect

2007

Abstract This study explores the processing of mental number lines and physical lines in five patients with left unilateral neglect. Three tasks were used: mental number bisection (‘report the middle number between two numbers’), physical line bisection (‘mark the middle of a line’), and a landmark task (‘is the mark on the line to the left/right or higher/lower than the middle of the line?’). We manipulated the number line orientation purely by task instruction: neglect patients were told that the number-pairs represented either houses on a street (horizontal condition) or floors in a building (vertical condition). We also manipulated physical line orientation for comparison. All five negl…

The time course of face matching for featural and relational image manipulations

2011

It was found recently that horizontal and vertical relationships of facial features are differently vulnerable to inversion (Goffaux & Rossion, 2007). When faces are upside down manipulations of vertical relations are difficult to detect, while only moderate performance deficits are found for manipulations of horizontal relations, or when features differ. We replicate the findings of Goffaux and Rossion, and record the temporal courses of face matching performance and the effects of inversion. For vertical relations and featural changes inversion effects arise immediately, starting with the first 50 ms of processing. For horizontal relations inversion effects are absent at brief timings, bu…

Differential effects of vertical and horizontal transmission in the fitness of an RNA virus: A reanalysis

2002

Evaluating European railway deregulation using different approaches

2012

Abstract There has recently been a great deal of interest in the impacts of the deregulating and restructuring measures in the European railway sector. A vast amount of literature is devoted to analyzing the effects of these deregulation and restructuring measures on efficiency and productivity and the results are not totally unambiguous. However, while most of the papers show that the introduction of competition within the sector (in both passenger and freight markets) has had a positive impact in terms of efficiency and productivity, the impact of vertical separation has produced different results in the literature. The contribution of this paper to the existing literature is twofold. Fir…

Differentiation in knowledge‐creating organizations

2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the analysis of the influence of organizational design variables on the creation of knowledge within the organization. The impact that enablers have on knowledge creation has been widely demonstrated and established in the relevant literature. Using this assumption as a starting‐point, the main aim of this study is to consider and explore the role of differentiation – horizontal and vertical – in knowledge creation using enablers as mediator variables.Design/methodology/approachThe paper has created a model of relations of the design variables that correspond to differentiation – horizontal job specialization, vertical job specialization and n…

Real-time Sub-pixel Cross Bar Position Metrology

2002

Many measurement application fields need to calculate cross bar intersection locations of horizontal and vertical bars. The system we developed and that we present in this paper is an embedded system that measures cross bar positions with sub-pixel accuracy on 1024×1024 pixel images delivered by a camera at a 50 MHz data rate in real time. This is done using an algorithm that looks for intersection areas and then locally calculates two lines representing horizontal and vertical bars. The two line intersection is considered to be the bar intersection. To achieve real time, we developed a hybrid architecture in which low level processes are implemented into FPGAs and others into DSPs. As a re…

A Tomographical Characterization of L-convex Polyominoes

2005

Our main purpose is to characterize the class of L-convex polyominoes introduced in [3] by means of their horizontal and vertical projections. The achieved results allow an answer to one of the most relevant questions in tomography i.e. the uniqueness of discrete sets, with respect to their horizontal and vertical projections. In this paper, by giving a characterization of L-convex polyominoes, we investigate the connection between uniqueness property and unimodality of vectors of horizontal and vertical projections. In the last section we consider the continuum environment; we extend the definition of L-convex set, and we obtain some results analogous to those for the discrete case.

Structuring Humanitarian Supply Chain Knowledge Through a Meta-Modeling Approach

2017

To develop decision support systems (DSS) that improve humanitarian supply chain (HSC) performance, there is a need for methods that support on field data gathering and knowledge structure. We propose a meta-model to structure the knowledge of HSC and to obtain a shared vision of the HSC. It has been developed to provide a framework to class gathered data by connecting it to HSC concepts. The meta-model includes four packages, defining the collaborative ecosystem (context, actors, objectives, and behavior). The concepts gathered during our field research experiences, added to the HSC core literature, have permitted to build the HSC meta-model layer. Models built from this meta-model can be …