Search results for "INTEGRATION"

Fiscal visibility in the U.S. and the European Union

2001

Legal Responses to Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation in the European Union

2007

European Union Protection System

2014

Traditionally, the EU law (characterised as acquis communautaire) is divided into the primary law and the secondary law. This distinction of the EU law is not based on a hierarchy of norms but, as it is justly admitted in the legal literature, on sources: if the EU primary law originates from the EU Member States as ‘Masters of the Treaty’, the EU secondary law—directly from EU institutions. In the case of IGOs (as well as other IP objects such as trade marks, designs, patents, and plant variety rights), their regulation is ensured both by the EU primary law and the EU secondary law which will be reviewed separately in Part II of the book.

European integration and regional dimension of unbalances

2010

European integration and regional dimension of unbalances are analysed in the light of knowledge economy mechanisms.

Spain: Conviviality, Social Relationships and Democracy at the Basis of Spanish Sports Clubs’ Culture

2020

This chapter provides an overview of the main functions of sports clubs in Spanish society with regard to social integration, democratic involvement and voluntary work. At the European level, Spanish sports clubs are among the front-runners in terms of presence of people with disabilities, at the average when it comes to people with migrant background and far below the average concerning people over 65 years old and women. Talking about democratic involvement and engagement for the community, most of the clubs try to involve members when making important decisions and delegate decision-making from the board to their committees. On the other hand, their members report the democratic culture …

The two-track Europeanization of football: EU-level pressures, transnational dynamics and their repercussions within different national contexts

2012

This article contributes to the under-researched literature on the Europeanization of sports. We distinguish between two modes of Europeanization (broadly signifying the impact of European integration on the domestic realm): the traditional top-down approach and the neglected societal/transnational Europeanization track. Both modes are examined with regard to their effects within two national contexts (Germany and Austria), and across two cases: the Bosman ruling (the nationality issue) and European club competitions as an engine of Europeanization. Our analysis reveals some important differences: the domestic countermeasures regarding the nationality aspect of the Bosman ruling were more s…

British parliamentary attitudes towards a supranational parliament and the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe, 1948–49

2018

With a mounting communist threat from Eastern Europe after the Second World War, in Western Europe an attempt was made to create permanent structures not only to help in facilitating cooperation in different fields of life to rebuild societies, but to launch a common European supranational parliamentary body. The creation of the Council of Europe in May 1949 proved to be a compromise. It lacked a workable European parliament, as had been the vision of certain federalists in many Western European countries. During the creation process, the British foreign policy leadership emphasized the weak supranational parliamentarization of Western European politics. In this article, parliamentary debat…

A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies

2021

Desalination is commonly adopted nowadays to overcome the freshwater scarcity in some areas of the world if brackish water or salt water is available. Different kinds of technologies have been proposed in the last century. In this paper, the state of the mainstream solutions is reported, showing the current commercial technologies like reverse osmosis (RO), Multi-Stages Flash desalination (MSF) and Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), and the new frontiers of the research with the aim of exploiting renewable sources such as wind, solar and biomass energy. In these cases, seawater treatment plants are the same as traditional ones, with the only difference being that they use a renewable energy s…

Advanced energetics of a Multiple-Effects-Evaporation (MEE) desalination plant. Part II: Potential of the cost formation process and prospects for en…

2010

This paper represents the 2nd part of a paper in two parts. In part I a 2nd Principle analysis of a Multiple- Effects-Evaporation (MEE) process has been proposed. In this Part II perspectives for process improvement will be investigated, along two distinct research lines: the thermoeconomics-aided optimization of a new system and the increase of thermal efficiency for existing systems by a pinch-based plant retrofit. As concerns the first research line, a detailed productive structure for the plant stage (i.e. effect) examined in Part I is presented; the cost formation structure is then used to improve a simplified optimization process, revealing capable to properly reflect the interactions…

A simple inverse procedure to determine heat flux on the tool in orthogonal cutting

2006

The applications of numerical simulation to machining processes have been more and more increasing in the last decade: today, a quite effective predictive capability has been reached, at least as far as global cutting variables (for instance cutting forces) are concerned. On the other hand, the capability to predict local cutting variables (i.e. stresses acting on the tool, temperature distribution, residual stresses in the machined surface) has to be furtherly improved, as well as effective experimental procedures to validate numerical results have to be developed. The aim of this paper is the proposition of an innovative approach, based on an simple inverse procedure, in order to identify…