Search results for "Independence"

The principle of mandatory criminal prosecution and the independence of public prosecutors in the Italian criminal justice system

2010

The purpose of this article is to explain the reasons for adopting, in Italy, the principle of mandatory criminal prosecution. This rule is closely connected to the role and functions of Italian public prosecutors. The supreme guarantee deriving from the rule governing the mandatory status of criminal prosecution is to safeguard the equal treatment of all citizens before criminal law. This is possible only if criminal prosecution is the responsibility of a public body carrying out public functions without any external interference. This is the reason for the independence of public prosecutors from the other powers of the state. But, there has been a tendency to separate the status of public…

Ontology in Game Theoretical Semantics

2013

Learning and teaching: two processes to bear in mind when rethinking physical medicine and rehabilitation

2010

Rehabilitation has been defined by the WHO as a process aimed at enabling people with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric and/or social functional levels, providing them with the tools to change their lives towards a higher level of independence (13). Rehabilitation includes all measures aimed at reducing the impact of disabling and handicapping conditions and enabling the disabled and handicapped to achieve social integration (14).

Causal Inference in Geoscience and Remote Sensing From Observational Data

2020

Establishing causal relations between random variables from observational data is perhaps the most important challenge in today’s science. In remote sensing and geosciences, this is of special relevance to better understand the earth’s system and the complex interactions between the governing processes. In this paper, we focus on an observational causal inference, and thus, we try to estimate the correct direction of causation using a finite set of empirical data. In addition, we focus on the more complex bivariate scenario that requires strong assumptions and no conditional independence tests can be used. In particular, we explore the framework of (nondeterministic) additive noise models, …

Independence and interdependence of group judgments: Xenophobia and minority influence

1991

A first experiment examined the effects of two methods of dividing resources between Swiss nationals and foreign residents in a study involving 118 subjects. Subjects gave judgments involving either interdependent allocation (resources allocated to the outgroup cannot be allocated to the ingroup) or independent allocation. The results indicated that the socio-cognitive functioning preferred by subjects varies as a function of their view of outsiders. Interdependence of judgments was more characteristic of the most xenophobic subjects, whereas the least xenophobic were more likely to reason in terms of independence. On the other hand, intermediate subjects (those who were clearly neither for…

What Did CS Students Recognize as Study Difficulties?

2019

Computing education research shows substantive interest in novice programming challenges. The present study was rather interested in any phenomena that students would recognize as difficulties during their university studies. The research question was what computing students recognized as their study difficulties after the first year of study. An inductive thematic analysis was applied to the students’ personal writing of the difficulties experienced. The main result categories were independence in new environment, academic requirements, lack of prospects, learning to work, and social integration, which were illustrated by multiple lower level themes. The results inform educators of the wid…

Reconciling credibility and accountability: how expert bodies achieve credibility through accountability processes

2018

Arguments about the legitimate role of expert bodies in Europe often centre on the following question: Does their independence help to make policies credible or should they be made democratically accountable to principals and stakeholders? This article claims this is a false dichotomy. It does so by arguing theoretically that credibility can be achieved through accountability processes. Then, drawing on exemplary case studies, this article identifies distinctive accountability processes for ensuring credibility: revisable competencies, deliberation over institutional design, and engagement in public justification. Credibility and accountability are thus not conflicting, but co-constitutive …

Integrating nascent organisations. On the settlement of the European External Action Service

2016

This study shows how the EU’s new Common Foreign and Security policy (CFSP) administration – the European External Action Service (EEAS) – experienced early organisational settlement. We find that the EEAS acts relatively independently from member-state governments, suggesting administrative autonomy. It is also relatively integrated into the Commission structure, suggesting inter-institutional integration of sub-units in the two institutions. Important lessons can be learned. For organisation theory: Firstly, nascent organisations are likely to experience some degree of ‘settlement’ after birth by establishing ties towards organisations from which they originate. Secondly, settlement is in…

Integrating the Compliance Function into the Legal Department

2015

This chapter addresses a governance issue: whether it is permissible under the insurance supervisory regime of Solvency II for an insurance undertaking to merge its compliance function with its legal department. The Solvency II provisions in fact do not address the legal department of an insurance undertaking. But the tasks and powers of a legal department are in part the same as those of the compliance function under art. 46, para. 1 of the Solvency II Directive. The conclusion is thus: General insurance supervisory regime principles such as functional segregation and functional independence do not prohibit such a merger. Indeed, such a merger would seem to be advisable in many instances i…

The Western Space Policies under the Influence of International Factors: Mutuality of Russia’s Case

2015

The research is dedicated to the problem of mutual dependence in space policies between the West, represented by great spacefaring actors the US and the EU, and Russia. In the study the correlation analysis, content analysis, and scenario-building methods were used. The conclusion of the analysis comprises consideration on the need to invest in their independence by Western countries in order to avoid unnecessary extra dependence on uncertain and unreliable regimes that supply substantial components for their space technology.