Search results for "India"

Mexican indigenous music as a communicative system

2000

State of Training, Clinical Services, and Research on Dual Disorders Across France, India, Israel, and Spain.

2016

This article overviews training, clinical services, and research on dual disorders across four countries: France, India, Israel, and Spain.The current dual disorders systems in each of the four countries were reviewed, with a focus on strengths and limitations of each.In France, psychiatric care occurs within the public health care system and involves little training of medical graduates for managing dual disorders. Special courses and forums for specialists have recently started to meet the growing interest of physicians in learning how to manage dual disorders. The Indian health care system grapples with a large treatment gap for mental disorders, and while some treatment services for dua…

Lifestyle-Induced Microbial Gradients: An Indian Perspective

2019

Introduction: Urbanization is a globally pervasive trend. Although urban settings provide better access to infrastructure and opportunities, urban lifestyles have certain negative consequences on human health. A number of recent studies have found interesting associations between the structure of human gut microbiota and the prevalence of metabolic conditions characterizing urban populations. The present study attempts to expand the footprint of these investigations to an Indian context. The objectives include elucidating specific patterns and gradients based on resident habitat and lifestyles (i.e., tribal and urban) that characterize gut microbial communities. Methods: Available 16S rRNA …

r- and K-selection in experimental populations of vesicular stomatitis virus.

2002

Here we explore the adaptation of vesicular stomatitis RNA virus to different population densities and the existence of a trade-off between r- and K-selection. Increasing population density represents a challenging special situation for viruses, since different selective pressures arise depending upon the number of available host cells per virus. Adaptation to low density represents a prototypical case of r-selection, where the optimal evolutionary solution should be a high replication rate. Adaptation to high density represents a case of K-selection. In this case, genotypes optimally exploiting the resources, instead of faster replicating ones, should be selected. Five independent populati…

Mode of selection and experimental evolution of antiviral drugs resistance in vesicular stomatitis virus

2004

Abstract The possession of an antiviral resistance mutation benefits a virus when the corresponding antiviral is present. But does the resistant virus pay a fitness cost when the antiviral is absent? Would an evolutionary history of association between a genotype and a resistance mutation overcome this cost by changes compensating the harmful side-effect of resistance mutations? Are combined therapies more effective against the rise of resistant viruses or against evolutionary compensations? To explore all these questions, we took an experimental evolution approach. After selecting vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) populations able to replicate under increasing concentrations of ribavirin an…

Rickettsia conorii Indian Tick Typhus Strain and R. slovaca in Humans, Sicily

2012

Letter to the Editor.-- et al.

Evolutionary history conditions the timing of transmission in vesicular stomatitis virus.

2001

It has been postulated that early transmitted viruses would evolve to be more virulent than late transmitted ones. The reason for this prediction is that early transmission selects for rapid viral replication and, consequently, rapid host death, whereas late transmission would select for slow-replicating viruses that permit longer survival to the host. To test this prediction, experimental lineages of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) had been adapted to three different transmission dynamics during more than 100 generations. Transmission dynamic differed in the stage of infection at which transmission took place: early, intermediate or late. Regardless the timing of transmission imposed duri…

Different Gut Microbial Profiles in Sub-Saharan African and South Asian Women of Childbearing Age Are Primarily Associated With Dietary Intakes

2019

Background To compare and characterize the gut microbiota in women of childbearing age from sub-Saharan Africa (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) and South Asia (India), in relation to dietary intakes. Methods Women of childbearing age were recruited from rural DRC and India as part of the Women First (WF) preconception maternal nutrition trial. Findings presented include fecal 16S rRNA gene-based profiling of women in the WF trial from samples obtained at the time of randomization, prior to initiation of nutrition intervention and to conception. Results Stool samples were collected from 217 women (DRC n = 117; India n = 100). Alpha diversity of the gut microbiota was higher in DRC…

The effect of co- and superinfection on the adaptive dynamics of vesicular stomatitis virus

2006

In many infectious diseases, hosts are often simultaneously infected with several genotypes of the same pathogen. Much theoretical work has been done on modelling multiple infection dynamics, but empirical evidences are relatively scarce. Previous studies have demonstrated that coinfection allows faster adaptation than single infection in RNA viruses. Here, we use experimental populations of the vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus derived from an infectious cDNA, to show that superinfection dynamics promotes faster adaptation than single infection. In addition, we have analysed two different periodicities of multiple infection, daily and separated 5 days in time. Daily multiple infections al…

Social evolution of innate immunity evasion in a virus

2019

Antiviral immunity has been studied extensively from the perspective of virus−cell interactions, yet the role of virus−virus interactions remains poorly addressed. Here, we demonstrate that viral escape from interferon (IFN)-based innate immunity is a social process in which IFN-stimulating viruses determine the fitness of neighbouring viruses. We propose a general and simple social evolution framework to analyse how natural selection acts on IFN shutdown and validate it in cell cultures and mice infected with vesicular stomatitis virus. Furthermore, we find that IFN shutdown is costly because it reduces short-term viral progeny production, thus fulfilling the definition of an altruistic tr…