Search results for "Information processing"

An ontology for cognitive mimetics

2018

AI and autonomous systems are intended to replace people in several jobs. People have worked in these jobs being able to execute the required information processing. This implies that new technical artefacts must be able to perform equitably effective information processing. Thus, it makes sense to develop the analysis of human information processing in designing intelligent systems. This approach has been termed cognitive mimetics. This paper studies how it would be practical to gain knowledge about human information processing and organize this knowledge using ontologies.

On Information Processing in the Cat’s Visual Cortex

1986

We assume that the visual system serves for orientation in space, recognition of objects and the interpretation of scenes and scene sequences. This task breaks up into a series of partially interdependent subproblems which are solved by some 13–15 usually retinotopically organized areas. So far it has not been possible to correlate functions and areas unequivocally. One reason for this could be the inadequacy of the questions posed as a basis for experiments. However, we think it more likely that correlating a function with an area is, as a rule, inadmissible since the degree of the coupling in the whole system does not permit a simple divsion. Rather the type and degree of coupling determi…

Erratum to “Neuroproteomics in the auditory brainstem: Candidate proteins for ultrafast and precise information processing” [Mol. Cell. Neurosci. (64…

2015

Implicit Interpersonal Attraction in Small Groups

2014

The present research investigated the nature and behavioral consequences of interpersonal attraction in small groups. In line with dual-process models of information processing, we studied the influence of implicit and explicit evaluations of interaction partners on actual friendly behavior in two social contexts. In two studies, 247 unacquainted same-sex participants ( N1 = 139; N2 = 108)—assigned to groups of four to six members—rated each other by completing a variant of the affective priming task to assess implicit interpersonal attraction and a self-report to measure explicit interpersonal attraction. Social relations analyses indicated that implicit and explicit interpersonal attract…

Visual mismatch negativity (vMMN): A review and meta-analysis of studies in psychiatric and neurological disorders

2015

The visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) response is an event-related potential (ERP) component, which is automatically elicited by events that violate predictions based on prior events. VMMN experiments use visual stimulus repetition to induce predictions, and vMMN is obtained by subtracting the response to rare unpredicted stimuli from those to frequent stimuli. One increasingly popular interpretation of the mismatch response postulates that vMMN, similar to its auditory counterpart (aMMN), represents a prediction error response generated by cortical mechanisms forming probabilistic representations of sensory signals. Here we discuss the physiological and theoretical basis of vMMN and review…

2017

The Cognitive reserve (CR) hypothesis was put forward to account for the variability in cognitive performance of patients with similar degrees of brain pathology. Compensatory neural activity within the frontal lobes has often been associated with CR. For the first time we investigated the independent effects of two CR proxies, education and NART IQ, on measures of executive function, fluid intelligence, speed of information processing, verbal short term memory (vSTM), naming, and perception in a sample of 86 patients with focal, unilateral frontal lesions and 142 healthy controls. We fitted multiple linear regression models for each of the cognitive measures and found that only NART IQ pre…

Cortical plasticity associated with Braille learning

1998

Blind subjects who learn to read Braille must acquire the ability to extract spatial information from subtle tactile stimuli. In order to accomplish this, neuroplastic changes appear to take place. During Braille learning, the sensorimotor cortical area devoted to the representation of the reading finger enlarges. This enlargement follows a two-step process that can be demonstrated with transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping and suggests initial unmasking of existing connections and eventual establishment of more stable structural changes. In addition, Braille learning appears to be associated with the recruitment of parts of the occipital, formerly `visual', cortex (V1 and V2) for tacti…

Controlling reactive aggression through cognitive evaluation of proactive aggression cues

2006

The authors investigated how the relationship between the acts of proactive and reactive aggression was moderated by the individual differences in cognitive regulation of emotion. An aggression paradigm, a electrocardiogram recording, a cognitive assessment battery, and a short form IQ test were completed by 109 children, aged 8 to 13 years (Juujarvi, Kaartinen, Laitinen, Vanninen, & Pulkkinen, 2006; Juujarvi, Kooistra, Kaartinen, & Pulkkinen, 2001; Lehto, Juujarvi, Kooistra, & Pulkkinen, 2003). The less the children subdued the intensity of their defence to the attacks in the aggression paradigm, the poorer they performed in the cognitive assessment battery tasks measuring Working memory c…

The Psychology of Thinking in Creating AI

2021

The broad-scale emergence of AI in industry calls forth basic questions in terms of the knowledge bases and approaches relevant for its design. Engineering design has been mainly developed for electromechanical artifacts. In practice, this has meant that the scientific knowledge required for creating technical artifacts such as engines, cars, ships, cranes, telephones, radios, TVs, and simple data processing units has been natural science. However, one cannot find intelligent processes by means of physics and chemistry. Natural scientific phenomena follow their deterministic laws, but intelligence is based on selection and decision processes. The conceptual landscape of natural science is o…

Panel Summary: Knowledge Model Representations

1997

Following the usual classifications of cognitive psychologists, we can say that the problem of representation spans three domains: the environment, the brain, and cognitive processes, which are usually studied by different scientists: the physicists, the neurobiologists and the psychologists. With the development of computer science and artificial intelligence new approaches have been introduced, which make possible simulation and implementation of cognitive processes through neural networks and symbolic systems. But the contribution of new methods is not limited to simulation, because they try to provide new models which consider cognitive process as information processing, not as reaction…