Search results for "Integrated Pest Management"
showing 10 items of 51 documents
Toxics or Lures? Biological and Behavioral Effects of Plant Essential Oils on Tephritidae Fruit Flies.
2021
The family Tephritidae (Diptera) includes species that are highly invasive and harmful to crops. Due to globalization, international trade, and human displacement, their spread is continuously increasing. Unfortunately, the control of tephritid flies is still closely linked to the use of synthetic insecticides, which are responsible for detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Recently, research is looking for alternative and more eco-friendly tools to be adopted in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. In this regard, essential oils (EOs) and their main compounds represent a promising alternative to chemical insecticides. EOs are made up of phytoconstituents formed fro…
Invasive Aliens in Italy: Enumeration, History, Biology and Their Impact
2021
Italy includes two large islands, Sardinia and Sicily, and a peninsula separated from the European continent by the Alpine Arch. At national level ISPRA (Instituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Higher Institute for Environmental protection and research) is the instrument of the Ministry of Environment and for the Protection of the Territory and the Sea to carry out its mission, including the study, monitoring, and control of invasive alien species. Universities, Scientific Societies, and ONGs play a vital role in basic research. The interest in the study of alien plants is of a theoretical nature, as regards the migrations of living beings and interactions with native…
Broad-spectrum cross-resistance in Spodoptera exigua from selection with a marginally toxic Cry protein.
2009
BACKGROUND:Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) has developed resistance to a wide range of chemical insecticides. Products based on Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins are used in integrated pest management as an ecologically friendly alternative for pest control. Since there are few B. thuringiensis Cry proteins highly active against S. exigua, it is desirable to apply appropriate resistance management strategies to prevent the evolution of resistance to these proteins. RESULTS:Spodoptera exigua larvae were selected with Cry1Ab, a protein with low activity against this pest. Selected larvae developed > 30-fold resistance to Cry1Ab in 13 generations, relative to an unselected strain. The estimated rea…
Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): a decade of research towards a sustainable integrated pest management program
2021
Abstract Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) also known as spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), is a pest native to Southeast Asia. In the last few decades, the pest has expanded its range to affect all major European and American fruit production regions. SWD is a highly adaptive insect that is able to disperse, survive, and flourish under a range of environmental conditions. Infestation by SWD generates both direct and indirect economic impacts through yield losses, shorter shelf life of infested fruit, and increased production costs. Fresh markets, frozen berries, and fruit export programs have been impacted by the pest due to zero tolerance for fruit infestation. As SWD co…
Lethal and behavioural effects of a green insecticide against an invasive polyphagous fruit fly pest and its safety to mammals
2021
Abstract Plant essential oil-based insecticides, with special reference to those that may be obtained from largely available biomasses, represent a valuable tool for Integrated Pest Management. However, the sublethal effects and the potential effects on aggressive insect traits of these green insecticides are understudied. Herein, the lethal and sub-lethal effects of the carlina oxide, constituting more than 97% of the whole Carlina acaulis (Asteraceae) root essential oil (EO), were determined against an invasive polyphagous tephritid pest, Ceratitis capitata (medfly). The carlina oxide was formulated in a mucilaginous solution containing carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, sucrose, and hyd…
Evaluation of metabolic detoxifying enzyme activities and insecticide resistance inFrankliniella occidentalis
2002
The western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a very significant pest of a number of different agricultural crops in the south-east of Spain. The importance of thrips as a pest is not due mainly to the direct damage inflicted on the plant, but to the loss in commercial value which occurs as a consequence of the development of dark spots caused by the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) which they transmit. The economic threshold is therefore almost zero, which enhances the problems of resistance management. The present work is part of a global project that attempts to evaluate the status of insecticide resistance in field populations of thrips obtained from several agricul…
IPM-recommended insecticides harm beneficial insects through contaminated honeydew
2020
The use of some systemic insecticides has been banned in Europe because they are toxic to beneficial insects when these feed on nectar. A recent study shows that systemic insecticides can also kill beneficial insects when they feed on honeydew. Honeydew is the sugar-rich excretion of hemipterans and is the most abundant carbohydrate source for beneficial insects such as pollinators and biological control agents in agroecosystems. Here, we investigated whether the toxicity of contaminated honeydew depends on i) the hemipteran species that excretes the honeydew; ii) the active ingredient, and iii) the beneficial insect that feeds on it. HPLC-MS/MS analyses demonstrated that the systemic insec…
Control of freshwater fish louse Argulus coregoni: a step towards an integrated management strategy
2008
Harmful infections by ectoparasites of the genus Argulus occur repeatedly in freshwa- ter fish farming operations where the management has largely been ineffective. Preventative meth- ods and regular monitoring are rarely applied, so that chemical interventions become necessary. According to the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach, a sustainable management or control program for a parasite should be based on knowledge of the ecology of the parasite along with adop- tion of several prevention and control methods, the application of which is dependent upon the pre- vailing infection level. The application of multiple management tactics is especially important because parasites can devel…
Assessing human health risks from pesticide use in conventional and innovative cropping systems with the BROWSE model
2017
Background: Reducing the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and on the environment is one of the objectives of the European Commission Directive 2009/128/EC in the quest for a sustainable use of pesticides. This Directive, developed through European national plans such as Ecophyto plan in France, promotes the introduction of innovative cropping systems relying, for example, on integrated pest management. Risk assessment for human health of the overall pesticide use in these innovative systems is required before the introduction of those systems to avoid that an innovation becomes a new problem. Objectives: The objectives of this work were to assess and to compare (1) the hum…
Who eats first? Uptake of pellet bait by target and non-target species
2002
House mice (Mus domesticus) are an important vertebrate pest in Australian agriculture. We studied the uptake of non-toxic placebo bait pellets targeted on house mice from bait stations in the grain-growing region of southeastern Australia. Bait stations allowed access for either ants; ants and mice or ants, mice, and birds. Soy meal bait pellets offered in December were of low preference for both ants and mice, but were eaten by birds in one study plot. In January, there were no differences between bait stations in the amount of wheat bait pellets removed indicating that the pellet bait had been primarily removed by ants. Most pellet bait was removed during the first 12 h after distributio…