Search results for "LABOUR"

Is it Getting Better or Worse? Health-Oriented Leadership and Psychological Capital as Resources for Sustained Health in Newcomers

2020

During the transition from university to work, young adults face a stressful period in which leadership behavior serves as a guideline. Positive leadership behavior has the potential to increase internal resources, such as positive psychological capital (PsyCap). The research question addressed in this paper is if health-oriented leadership and PsyCap as resources jointly influence the physical and mental health of novice teachers during the transition to work. In a longitudinal study, 776 novice teachers responded to three questionnaires with a time lag of 10 weeks during the first 5 months of their occupational experience. Results of a latent class growth analysis show that three trajecto…

Trade Liberalization, Female Labor Force Participation and Economic Growth

2008

This research argues that the interaction between international trade and female labor force participation has played a significant role in the process of development. The main concern of our study is to show how differences in per household capital stocks, via international specialization, affect household choice of female labor force participation and fertility, and how these decisions, in turn, feed back and affect the accumulation of capital. Interestingly, and in contrast to conventional wisdom, our theory suggests that specialization in female's comparative advantage sectors expands these sectors but hinders female labor force participation, while specialization in male's comparative …

When Stolper-Samuelson Does Not Apply: International Trade and Female Labor

2011

Whenever a country specializes on industries that use female labor intensively, its female labor force participation should increase. This intuition, which bases on the Stolper-Samuleson Theorem, may fail in a three-factor, two-good model. We develop a model where capital, male and female work are distinct factors of production. We follow an established assumption and postulate that capital accumulation closes the gender wage gap. In this setup, the Stolper-Samuleson based intuition fails necessarily: the gender wage gap widens in countries that specialize on sectors intensive in female labor, and vice versa.

Channels through Which Human Capital Inequality Influences Economic Growth

2011

This paper empirically investigates the theoretical predictions of some of the channels through which human capital inequality may discourage investment and growth. In a cross section of countries over the period 1960–2000, findings reveal that, all other things being equal, a greater degree of human capital inequality increases fertility rates and reduces life expectancy, which in turn hampers the accumulation rates of human capital. This effect is reinforced in the countries where individuals find it difficult to access credit. Extensive sensitivity analyses show that the results are robust across specifications and are not driven by atypical observations, endogenous regressors, or unobse…

Labour Market Policies and Recruitment in Europe and Italy

2017

Over the last few years, most studies and labour market policies have focused on the competence of people seeking employment. Few studies have tackled the issue from the point of view of employers and how policy might affect the personnel recruitment. The aim of this article is to try to understand the impact of labour policy on the processes involved in seeking personnel, with specific reference to business organizations. After examining the strategic, organisational and environmental variables that affect the personnel recruitment, the study focuses on analysing active and passive labour policies in Europe and Italy. The results that emerge highlight the fact that labour policy affects ce…

Coping with Asymmetric Shocks in the EMU: The Role of Labour Market Flexibility

2013

The chapter discusses the economic conditions for the success of EMU when there is still a need for structural reforms in the markets of goods and services, and factors of production. In view of asymmetric shocks, experience shows that behaviour in nominal and real wage growth resulted in increased unemployment throughout the EU15. Fiscal policy, on the other hand, could mitigate to some extent the burden of wage adjustment, and could play an important role in improving productivity. In general, however, smooth shock-absorption requires a flexible wage formation process to circumvent low employment levels, but the risk of hysteresis would remain. To avoid the accumulation of wage and labour…

Retirement Practices in Different Countries

2012

Fair Wages and Unemployment in a Small Open Economy

2006

In this paper we develop a model of a multi-sector multi-factor small open economy with involuntary unemployment due to fair wages. The model is used inter alia to analyse the labour market effects of changes in unemployment benefits and the domestic labour supply. Our analysis covers both the case where factor prices do not react to endowment changes - as in the Heckscher-Ohlin model - and the case where they do. Results are sensitive to this distinction, thereby emphasizing the benefit of employing a general production structure that encompasses both cases.

Does Commuting Reduce Wage Disparities?

2004

This paper shows that in the Baltic countries, commuting reduces urban-rural wage and employment disparities and increases national output. To quantify the effect of commuting on wage differentials, two sets of earnings functions are estimated (based on Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian Labor Force Surveys) with location variables (capital city, rural, etc.) measured at the workplace and at the place of residence. We find that the ceteris paribus wage gap between capital city and rural areas, as well as between capital and other cities is significantly narrowed by commuting in some cases but remains almost unchanged in other. Different outcomes are explained by country-specific spatial patt…

Maternal Employment and Happiness: The Effect of Non-Participation and Part-Time Employment on Mothers' Life Satisfaction

2009

"In contrast to unemployment, the effect of non-participation and parttime employment on subjective well-being has much less frequently been the subject of economists' investigations. In Germany, many women with dependent children are involuntarily out of the labor force or in part-time employment because of family constraints (e.g., due to lack of available and appropriate childcare). Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Study, this paper analyzes the impact of involuntary familyrelated non-participation and part-time employment on mothers' life satisfaction. Controlling for unobserved individual fixed effects, I find that both the pecuniary effects (foregone earnings) an…