Search results for "LABOUR"
showing 10 items of 655 documents
Post-Migratory Employment Prospects: Evidence from Finland
2000
This paper analyses the role which migration plays in improving post-migratory employment prospects of migrants (long-distance) within Finland, by examining the employment status of migrants and non-migrants at the end of the migration interval. The analysis is based on micro data from the period 1985–90. The results from multivariate analyses suggest that migration by itself has not augmented the likelihood of getting a job, even though tabular comparisons of re-employment rates between migrants and non-migrants suggest this to be the case. Migration, however, has an indirect role in enhancing job search outcomes as it moves workers to labour markets characterized by more favourable employ…
Can Differences in Characteristics Explain Ethnic Wage Gap in Latvia?
2017
Abstract We used anonymized micro data from Labour Force Survey to estimate the ethnic wage gap in Latvia and find the factors that explain it. We found that a notable ethnic wage gap still exists in Latvia with non-Latvians earning 10 % less than Latvians in 2015. The results of Oaxaca-Ransom decomposition show that approximately two thirds of the ethnic wage gap are explained by differences in characteristics with the most important effects in favour of Latvians caused by segregation in better paying occupational groups, having Latvian citizenship and better education (higher education levels and more favourable segregation by education fields). This was partly offset by favourable segreg…
Unobserved Heterogeneity in Overeducation Models: Is Personality More Important than Ability?
2013
This paper compares the performance of selected personality aspects and ability on explaining the overeducation status of the individual. Ability is defined as the difference between the actual and the predicted income. Personality proves to be an important factor affecting the risk of overeducation. For females, personality allows to better explain mismatch than ability. For males, ability frequently, but not always, performs better than personality. Controlling for personality allows for better classification of the non-overeducated, while controlling for ability improves the classification of the overeducated. The study is done on the pooled sample of 23 European countries, as well as fo…
Six-years-long effects of the Italian policies for photovoltaics on the pay-back period of grid-connected PV systems installed in urban contexts
2017
Abstract In this study the discounted pay-back (DPB) period of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems installed in urban contexts was investigated during the course of time with the aim of evaluating the effects of the different supporting policies enacted by the Italian government. The profitability of the investment in three Italian cities was observed from June 2010 to May 2016 by means of an exhaustive economic analysis based on the study of the variation of the costs and benefits during the lifetime of the investment. The analysis considered the disbursements for the PV system devices, maintenance and management, insurance, and wear of PV panels and inverters. Other significant parameters, …
CHILDHOOD ADVERSITIES AND HOME ATMOSPHERE AS DETERMINANTS OF DISABILITY AND UNEMPLOYMENT PENSION
2017
Childhood adversities have been linked with adverse life events, but less is known about the long-term effects of childhood home atmosphere in terms of work career. We investigated whether childhood adversities and home atmosphere were associated with disability or unemployment pension. In the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (born 1934–44), 2001 cohort members had data available on 9 childhood home atmosphere items e.g. whether it was supportive or warm (sum score 0–36, higher score indicating more favorable atmosphere), and 9 childhood adversities e.g. unemployment, parent’s long-term illness or divorce (sum score 0–9, coded into no; one; and two or more) assessed in 2001–04. Of those, 1528 ha…
Pensions, Economic Growth and Welfare in Advanced Economies
2020
In this chapter, we analyse the effects of PAYG and funded pension systems on welfare. The debate on the choice between alternative systems focuses on their effects on savings, capital accumulation, labour supply, economic growth and inequality and the potential benefits of mixed systems in which a PAYG system with notional accounts is complemented by a funded pensions system. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, the redistribution of income among individuals makes the PAYG system an important part of any mixed system. Secondly, the design of the pension system should efficiently balance incentives and distortions with equality and insurance against individual idiosyncratic risks. Thi…
Pension Schemes and Falling Birth-Rates: Change in Customs or Microeconomic Optimization?
2004
In this paper, we develop an overlapping generations model where fertility is endogenous. The utility of the parents is a function of the number of their children, and each child implies two types of fixed costs: the financial cost and the cost in terms of time. A "pay-as-you-go" pension scheme introduces an externality in that the number of children will be fewer than optimal because their favorable impact on the level of pension income is not taken into account. First, we define the competitive equilibrium dynamics and the steady state. This allows comparisons with the optimal stationary state, a notion which generalizes the golden rule. Two instruments, pensions and child benefits, are n…
The Right Not to Have Rights: Posted Worker Acquiescence and the European Union Labor Rights Framework
2016
AbstractThe emergence of the European Union citizenship agenda has mainly taken place along the evolution of mobility rights, with the goal of creating a pan-European labor market. Mobility undermines the nationally embedded notion of industrial citizenship. Industrial citizenship protects workers’ rights and secures their participation in national political systems. The Europeanization of labor markets severs the relationship between state, territory and citizen on which industrial citizenship has been built, undermining worker collectivism and access to representation. This is legitimated in terms of building market-citizenship, i.e., enabling mobile workers as market actors. However, the…
Throwing the Spanner in the Works: The Mixed Blessing of FDI
2014
FDI is generally attributed to have positive impact for developing countries. In contrast, this paper shows that foreign capital inflows may cause an economy to be stuck in a middle-income trap. Introducing a simple capital market imperfection into a standard neoclassical (open-economy) model of growth, I show that FDI crowds out domestic investment when countries are still growing. If profitable investments are pursued by foreign capital owners, this does reduce chances for domestic entrepreneurs that they would have otherwise been able to take, by means of economy-wide savings. The long term losses due to the crowding-out effect occur despite the short-term gains that sudden capital inflo…
Self-employment transitions and alternation in Finnish rural and urban labour markets
2008
. This paper deals with the transitions and alternation between self-employment, paid-employment and non-employment in Finland in 1987–1999, paying special attention to differences in self-employment dynamics between areas characterized by different labour market conditions, viz. rural and urban locations. Markovian analysis reveals significant differences by the type of area in the processes of transition between the three labour market states. Alternation between self-employment and other labour markets states turns out to be greater in rural than urban areas. Five major types of alternating working careers are identified. The type of area is importantly related to alternating working ca…