Search results for "LABOUR"

Why the share of small amount pensions is so substantial in Latvia?

2018

More than 70% of all old-age pensions in Latvia are smaller than 300 euro, which is close to the monetary value of the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. There is a number of reasons for it: the lack of non-contributory component and inadequately low minimum pensions, the absence of redistribution mechanisms in the mandatory notional defined contribution (pillar I) and funded (pillar II) schemes, an unfair conversion of pre-reform employment record into pension formula, and a high tax burden on pensioners. The authors proposed a package of measures to improve the situation: an introduction of basis pensions, linking minimum pensions to the country average wages, increasing income tax exempt for …

The challenges of Language: re-shaping legislative discourse(s) and text(s)

2015

Since the 1990s the discourse on the relationship between the EU and member states in the field of labour law has changed significantly and it has been increasingly supplemented by framework agreements between the EU and the actors involved in the labour law dialogue. From this point of view, the Green Paper on Modernising labour law invites member states, the social partners and other interested parties to participate in a consultation process and an open debate, in order to look at how labour law can help promote flexibility in conjunction with security, regardless of the type of employment contract. The aim of this paper is to explore how the labour law interactants re-shape their discou…

Modernising Labour Law: Re-Shaping Discourse(s) and Text(s)

2012

The European Union establishes minimum requirements in the field of labour rights and work organisation (EC Treaty, articles 136-139). These requirements regard the consultation and information of workers, working hours, equal treatment and pay, insolvency and the transfer of undertakings. Since the 1990s the discourse on the relationship between the EU and member states in the field of labour law has changed significantly and it has been increasingly supplemented by framework agreements between the EU and the actors involved in the labour law dialogue. From this point of view, the Green Paper on Modernising labour law (Green Paper – Modernising labour law to meet the challenges of the 21st…

A longitudinal analysis of the occupational status of the graduates of the University of Palermo

The availability of a large amount of longitudinal data provided by the surveys carried out by STELLA (Statistics about Graduates and Labour Market) allowed us to describe the occupational paths of graduates of the University of Palermo. In this paper we refer to a disproportionate stratified sample of graduates in 2009, interviewed three dierent times: one year (2010), three years (2012), ve years (2014) after the graduation. In such a global economic crises context, our aims are describing the labour market of the Palermitan graduates, identifying the variables that influence most their occupational status and nally outlining a transition probability structure among the states: Work, Sear…

Diverse societies are more productive: a lesson from ants

2012

The fitness consequences of animal personalities (also known as behavioural syndromes) have recently been studied in several solitary species. However, the adaptive significance of collective personalities in social insects and especially of behavioural variation among group members remains largely unexplored. Although intracolonial behavioural variation is an important component of division of labour, and as such a key feature for the success of societies, empirical links between behavioural variation and fitness are scarce. We investigated aggression, exploration and brood care behaviour in Temnothorax longispinosus ant colonies. We focused on two distinct aspects: intercolonial variabil…

La inserción laboral de los inmigrantes italianos en Valencia durante la crisis

2018

España ha pasado de una fase de intensa inmigración internacional durante el período de crecimiento económico a otra de re-emigración y retornos de extranjeros (y de emigración de nativos) durante la recesión. En nuestra investigación hemos observado una tendencia opuesta: durante la crisis se ha incrementado significativamente la llegada de inmigrantes procedentes de Italia a la ciudad de Valencia. Se trata de personas económicamente activas, con intención de permanencia, cualificadas y procedentes de regiones con indicadores socioeconómicos superiores a los de la Comunidad Valenciana. Por consiguiente, el análisis de su inserción laboral es clave para explicar las causas de la migración. …

School-to-work transition in France: the role of education in escaping long-term NEET trajectories

2020

International audience; The aim of this paper is to analyse the school-to-work transition of young people in France, focusing specifically on those who are not in employment, education or training (so-called NEETs), in order to understand their risk of becoming and remaining NEET. Using longitudinal data from a representative national cohort of French young people leaving the educational system in 2010, this study shows how NEET status fits in more or less long-lasting ways in their career pathways. We indicate that 70% of young people experienced a NEET status at least once over the three-year period, if we retain a static and conventional definition of NEET. For most of them, NEET is a te…

Gene expression is stronger associated with behaviour than with age and fertility in ant workers

2018

AbstractThe ecological success of social insects is based on division of labour, not only between queens and workers, but also among workers. Whether a worker tends the brood or forages is strongly influenced by age, fertility and nutritional status, with brood carers being younger, more fecund and corpulent. Here, we experimentally disentangle behaviour from age and fertility inTemnothorax longispinosusant workers and analyse how these parameters are linked to whole-body gene expression. Our transcriptome analysis reveals four times more genes associated with behaviour than with age and only few fertility-associated genes. Brood carers exhibited an upregulation of genes involved in lipid b…

Data from: Fitness costs of worker specialisation for ant societies

2015

Division of labour is of fundamental importance for the success of societies, yet little is known about how individual specialization affects the fitness of the group as a whole. While specialized workers may be more efficient in the tasks they perform than generalists, they may also lack the flexibility to respond to rapid shifts in task needs. Such rigidity could impose fitness costs when societies face dynamic and unpredictable events, such as an attack by socially parasitic slavemakers. Here, we experimentally assess the colony-level fitness consequences of behavioural specialization in Temnothorax longispinosus ants that are attacked by the slavemaker ant T. americanus. We manipulated …

Data from: Gene expression is more strongly associated with behavioural specialisation than with age or fertility in ant workers

2018

The ecological success of social insects is based on division of labour, not only between queens and workers, but also among workers. Whether a worker tends the brood or forages is influenced by age, fertility and nutritional status, with brood carers being younger, more fecund and more corpulent. Here, we experimentally disentangle behavioural specialisation from age and fertility in Temnothorax longispinosus ant workers and analyse how these parameters are linked to whole-body gene expression. A total of 3644 genes were associated with behavioural specialisation which is ten times more than associated with age and 50 times more than associated with fertility. Brood carers were characteriz…