Search results for "LOD"
showing 10 items of 4833 documents
Patterns of variability in early life traits of a Mediterranean coastal fish
2013
Spawning dates and pelagic larval duration (PLD) are early life traits (ELT) crucial for understanding life cycles, properly assessing patterns of connectivity and gathering indications about patchiness or homogeneity of larval pools. Considering that little attention has been paid to spatial variability in these traits, we investigated variability of ELT from the analysis of otolith microstructure in the common two-banded sea bream Diplodus vulgaris. In the southwestern Adriatic Sea, along ~200 km of coast (∼1° in latitude, 41.2° to 40.2°N), variability of ELT was assessed at multiple spatial scales. Overall, PLD (ranging from 25 to 61 d) and spawning dates (October 2009 to February 2010) …
Long-term melodic expectation: The unexpected observation of distant priming effects
2009
The report provides a brief account of an experiment whose control conditions produced interestingly counter-intuitive results. The method adapted priming techniques to explore whether imagining well-known melodies would facilitate perceptual discrimination of congruent compared to incongruent melodic continuations in a syllable identification task. This was shown to be the case, but in a subsequent control experiment, imagining an irrelevant lure melody also showed a priming effect. The persistent priming effect apparently related the target sequence to the aurally presented, nonadjacent opening notes, and not to the intervening mental image. A number of statistical analyses of the pitch …
Is incidental re-creation likely to happen in pop music?
2009
In this study we try to address the question, if independent (re-)creations are likely to happen in pop music. The interest in this topic stems from the fact that the claim of an “independent creation” is a common defense strategy in copyright infringement law suits. We conducted a main experiment in which subjects were asked to invent short, “catchy” pop melodies to a given backing track over a very common chord sequence (I VI IV V). Additionally, we incorporated 5 melodies from hit songs over the same chords in a comparable tempo. The collected melodies were examined for similarities, between participants’ melodies and hit songs on the one hand and in between participants’ songs on the ot…
Modeling a Melody Recognition Task using a Cohort Network
2009
Dalla Bella, Peretz, and Aronoff studied the effects of musical familiarity on melody recognition by comparing performance between musicians and nonmusicians in a melody gated-presentation (MGP) task. They identified three events in this task which were the familiarity emergence point (FEP), the isolation point (IP), and the recognition point (RP). The FEP occurred earlier in musicians than nonmusicians, but the IP occurred earlier in nonmusicians. Finally, the RP occurred slightly earlier in musicians. We simulated the qualitative results of the MGP task using a connectionist simulation of the cognitive processes underlying the emergence of these three events. We call this a melody cohort …
Processing of melodic contours in urethane-anaesthetized rats
2007
The human brain can automatically detect changes even in repeated melodic contours of spectrally varying sounds. However, it is unclear whether this ability is specific to humans. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) in urethane-anaesthetized Wistar rats presented with rare pairs of tones ('deviants') interspersed with frequently repeated ones ('standards'). The frequency of the tones varied nonsystematically across their pairs so that deviants stood out from standards only in the melodic ordering (ascending or descending) of the tones of a pair. We found that the absolute amplitude of the ERP was significantly higher to deviants than standards between 106 and 136 ms from the onset o…
More About the Musical Expertise of Musically Untrained Listeners
2003
Several behavioral experiments that were designed to compare the abilities of musicians and nonmusicians to process subtle changes in musical structures are surveyed. These experiments deal with different aspects of music perception including the processing of melodic and harmonic structures, the processing of large-scale structures, and implicit learning. In all these experiments, the so-called nonmusician listeners behaved in a very similar way as did highly trained students from music conservatories and music departments. This outcome suggests that when the experimental setting requires participants to process musical structures (in contrast to musical tones), the large audience of untra…
Melodic and contextual similarity of folk song phrases
2007
Various models of melodic similarity have been proposed and assessed in perceptual experiments. Contour and pitch content variables haven been favoured although music-theoretical and statistical variables have also been claimed to explain similarity ratings. A Re-analysis of earlier work by Rosner & Meyer (1986) suggests that simple contextual features can also be highly explanatory with more complex stimuli. A new experiment containing short melodic phrases investigated the effectiveness of several global and comparative variables. A multi-dimensional scaling solution indicated that both melodic direction and pitch range are highly relevant for making such similarity judgments and tha…
Divided attention in music
2000
Two models have been advanced to account for the apparent ease with which attention can be divided in music: a “divided attention” model postulates that listeners effectively manage to follow two or more melodic lines played simultaneously. According to a “figure-ground model,” the harmonic coherence of Western polyphonies allows a listener to focus on one melody while staying aware of the other melody, which acts as a background. This figure-ground processing compensates for the inability to divide attention. The present study was designed to further investigate these two models. Participants were required to detect melodic errors in two familiar nursery tunes played simultaneously an octa…
Reading ahead: Adult music students’ eye movements in temporally controlled performances of a children’s song
2014
In the present study, education majors minoring in music education ( n = 24) and music performance majors ( n =14) read and performed the original version and melodically altered versions of a simple melody in a given tempo. Eye movements during music reading and piano performances were recorded. Errorless trials were analyzed to explore the adjustments of visual processing in successful performances. The temporal length of the eye–hand span (time between gaze and the performed note) was typically around one second or less. A measure of gaze activity indicated that performers generally inspected two quarter-note areas between two metrical beat onsets. The performance majors operated with s…
Computational Analysis Workshop: Comparing Four Approaches to Melodic Analysis
2009
We compare four computational approaches of melodic analysis according to diverse approach aspects: input type (monophonic or polyphonic), pattern identification type (strict or similar), analysis segmentation, aim of approach, motivic pattern representation, and type of result representations. The considered four computational approaches are the following: a similarity neighbourhood approach by Adiloglu (Adiloglu and Obermayer 2006a, b), a multiple viewpoint representation and discovery approach by Anagnostopoulou (Anagnostopoulou, Share and Conklin 2006), a topological approach by Buteau (2005), and an approach based on multidimensional closed pattern mining by Lartillot (Lartillot and To…