Search results for "Language Processing"
showing 10 items of 421 documents
2020
To successfully learn using open Internet resources, students must be able to critically search, evaluate and select online information, and verify sources. Defined as critical online reasoning (COR), this construct is operationalized on two levels in our study: (1) the student level using the newly developed Critical Online Reasoning Assessment (CORA), and (2) the online information processing level using event log data, including gaze durations and fixations. The written responses of 32 students for one CORA task were scored by three independent raters. The resulting score was operationalized as “task performance,” whereas the gaze fixations and durations were defined as indicators of “pr…
Pattern languages with and without erasing
1994
The paper deals with the problems related to finding a pattern common to all words in a given set. We restrict our attention to patterns expressible by the use of variables ranging over words. Two essentially different cases result, depending on whether or not the empty word belongs to the range. We investigate equivalence and inclusion problems, patterns descriptive for a set, as well as some complexity issues. The inclusion problem between two pattern languages turns out to be of fundamental theoretical importance because many problems in the classical combinatorics of words can be reduced to it.
Normalization 2.0: A longitudinal analysis of German online campaigns in the national elections 2002–9
2011
This article examines the functional, relational and discursive dimensions of the normalization thesis in one study, for both Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 features, in a longitudinal design. It is based on a quantitative content and structural analysis of German party websites in the national elections between 2002 and 2009. The results show that the normalization thesis holds true in all its dimensions over time and in the Web 2.0 era: parties still focus on the top-down elements of information provision and delivery while interactive options are scarce. The digital divide between parliamentary and non-parliamentary parties has narrowed over time, but remains visible for all online functions in 200…
Automating statistical diagrammatic representations with data characterization
2017
The search for an efficient method to enhance data cognition is especially important when managing data from multidimensional databases. Open data policies have dramatically increased not only the volume of data available to the public, but also the need to automate the translation of data into efficient graphical representations. Graphic automation involves producing an algorithm that necessarily contains inputs derived from the type of data. A set of rules are then applied to combine the input variables and produce a graphical representation. Automated systems, however, fail to provide an efficient graphical representation because they only consider either a one-dimensional characterizat…
Correction to: Formalizing Natural Languages with NooJ 2018 and Its Natural Language Processing Applications
2019
Using Attribute Grammars for Description of Inductive Inference Search Space
1998
The problem of practically feasible inductive inference of functions or other objects that can be described by means of an attribute grammar is studied in this paper. In our approach based on attribute grammars various kinds of knowledge about the object to be found can be encoded, ranging from usual input/output examples to assumptions about unknown object's syntactic structure to some dynamic object's properties. We present theoretical results as well as describe the architecture of a practical inductive synthesis system based on theoretical findings.
The Application of Optimal Topic Sequence in Adaptive e-Learning Systems
2016
In an adaptive e-learning system an opportunity to choose a course topic sequence is given to ensure personalization. The topic sequence can be obtained from three sources: teacher-offered topic sequence that is based on teacher’s pedagogical experience; learner’s free choice that is based on indicated links between topics, and, finally, the optimal topic sequence acquisition method described in this article. The optimal topic sequence is based on previous learners’ experience. With the help of the optimal topic sequence method, data about previous learners’ course topic sequence and course results are obtained. After the data analysis the optimal topic sequence for the specific course is o…
The Expressibility of Languages and Relations by Word Equations
1997
Classically, several properties and relations of words, such as being a power of a same word, can be expressed by using word equations. This paper is devoted to study in general the expressive power of word equations. As main results we prove theorems which allow us to show that certain properties of words are not expressible as components of solutions of word equations. In particular, the primitiveness and the equal length are such properties, as well as being any word over a proper subalphabet.
New Areas of Application of Comparable Corpora
2019
This chapter describes several approaches of using comparable corpora beyond the area of MT for under-resourced languages, which is the primary focus of the ACCURAT project. Section 7.1, which is based on Rapp and Zock (Automatic dictionary expansion using non-parallel corpora. In: A. Fink, B. Lausen, W. Seidel, & A. Ultsch (Eds.) Advances in Data Analysis, Data Handling and Business Intelligence. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the GfKl, 2008. Springer, Heidelberg, 2010), addresses the task of creating resources for bilingual dictionaries using a seed lexicon; Sect. 7.2 (based on Rapp et al., Identifying word translations from comparable documents without a seed lexicon. Proceedi…
An Introduction to Ontology Based Structured Knowledge Base System: Knowledge Acquisition Module
2013
The following text presents the method of supplementing and verifying information stored in a framework system of the semantic knowledge base. The indicated method refers to the knowledge of ontological character, in other words to information about definitions of concepts and relationships among them. The aim of the method is the constant supplementing and verifying of the knowledge, and making more precise and detailed information about existing connections between concepts. The key aspect of the method is questions generating strictly dependent on the preconceived structure of stored knowledge.