Search results for "Macro"

Perspectives on variation in species richness : area, energy and habitat heterogeneity

2011

Parasite avoidance behaviours in aquatic environments

2018

Parasites, including macroparasites, protists, fungi, bacteria and viruses, can impose a heavy burden upon host animals. However, hosts are not without defences. One aspect of host defence, behavioural avoidance, has been studied in the terrestrial realm for over 50 years, but was first reported from the aquatic environment approximately 20 years ago. Evidence has mounted on the importance of parasite avoidance behaviours and it is increasingly apparent that there are core similarities in the function and benefit of this defence mechanism between terrestrial and aquatic systems. However, there are also stark differences driven by the unique biotic and abiotic characteristics of terrestrial …

Valutazione di specie macroterme da tappeto erboso su suoli a diversa tessitura.

2011

Nutritional intake and anthropometric characteristics are associated with endurance performance and markers of low energy availability in young femal…

2023

Background Low energy availability (LEA) can have negative performance consequences, but the relationships between LEA and performance are poorly understood especially in field conditions. In addition, little is known about the contribution of macronutrients to long-term performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate if energy availability (EA) and macronutrient intake in a field-based situation were associated with laboratory-measured performance, anthropometric characteristics, blood markers, training volume, and/or questionnaire-assessed risk of LEA in young female cross-country (XC) skiers. In addition, the study aimed to clarify which factors explained performance. Metho…

Thermoelectric devices and supercapacitors based on nanostructured semiconducting polymers for energy production and storage

2017

Más de dos terceras partes de la energía generada por las fuentes convencionales se pierden como calor. Recuperar esas pérdidas de energía puede ayudar a crear una forma más eficiente de producir energía para el desarrollo sostenible de nuestra sociedad. Mediante el uso de generadores termoeléctricos es posible producir energía a partir de gradientes de temperatura de tal manera que la termoelectricidad puede ser una buena estrategia para la recolección y recuperación de energía. La eficiencia termoeléctrica suele ser dada por la figura adimensional de mérito, ZT. Actualmente, los materiales inorgánicos se usan comúnmente en aplicaciones termoeléctricas, sin embargo presentan varias desvent…

Surface Nanophysics: Macro-, Meso-, Micro- and Nano-approaches

2017

The surface factor is very important for manipulating objects at a nanoscale. Thermodynamic behaviour is observed from the classical point of view, and conditional division into macro-, meso-, micro- and nano-approaches is presented. Processes of physical and chemical adsorption on the surface are presented from the energy and structure aspects. The occurrence of electronic states of the surface is presented from the classical point of view in comparison with molecular electronic states. One of the most important non-invasive optical methods to investigate nanoparticles is the surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is quite useful for practical detection of nanoparticles in the surrounding …

Les théories de la gouvernance : de la gouvernance des entreprises à la gouvernance des systèmes nationaux

2006

(VF)L'objectif de cet article est de faire une synthèse des théories de la gouvernance. Dans la première partie sont présentées les théories micro de la gouvernance en opposant les théories cognitives aux théories diciplinaires. La seconde partie est dévolue aux théories macro de la gouvernance sur la base de la distinction entre les théories fondées sur l'appropriation de la rente organisationnelle et celles accordant un rôle dominant à la production. Cette synthèse met en évidence que la vision financière de la gouvernance n'est qu'un cas très particulier qui présente de nombreuses limites;(VA)The objective of this article is to make a survey of the different corporate governance theories…

Genome size evolution in macroparasites.

2014

Reduction in genome size has been associated not only with a parasitic lifestyle in intracellular microparasites but also in some macroparasitic insects and nematodes. We collected the available data on genome size for flatworms, annelids, nematodes and arthropods, compared those with available data for the phylogenetically closest free-living taxa and found evidence of smaller genome sizes for parasites in six of nine comparisons. Our results suggest that despite great differences in evolutionary history and life cycles, parasitism as a lifestyle promotes convergent genome size reduction in macroparasites. We discuss factors that could be associated with small genome size in parasites whic…

Government policy failure in public support for research and development

2014

peer-reviewed Promoting Research and Development (R&D) and innovative activity is a key element of the EU Lisbon Agenda and is seen as playing a central part in stimulating economic development. In this paper we argue that, even allowing for benevolent policy-makers, informational asymmetries can lead to a misallocation of public support for R&D, hence government policy failure, with the potential to exacerbate preexisting market failures. Initially, we explore alternative allocation mechanisms for public support, which can help to minimize the scale of these government policy failures. Of these mechanisms (grants, tax credits, or allocation rules based on past performance), our results sug…

Realizing the social acceptance of community renewable energy: A process-outcome analysis of stakeholder influence

2014

This study shows how stakeholders influence the development of community renewable energy (CRE) schemes and how they are influenced by their outcome. It relies on information collected during 41 structured interviews with local people involved in CRE initiatives in seven regions of Europe. The interviews were thematically analyzed to identify different types of stakeholder influence. The findings show that stakeholder influence on CRE schemes take place at three distinct levels: macro, intercommunity and intracommunity. In addition, key stakeholders can support or hinder the development of a project according to whether or not they perceive that the output of the project may benefit or harm…