Search results for "Memory."
showing 10 items of 1949 documents
Non-specific Effects of Vaccines Illustrated Through the BCG Example: From Observations to Demonstrations
2018
Epidemiological studies regarding many successful vaccines suggest that vaccination may lead to a reduction in child mortality and morbidity worldwide, on a grander scale than is attributable to protection against the specific target diseases of these vaccines. These non-specific effects (NSEs) of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, for instance, implicate adaptive and innate immune mechanisms, with recent evidence suggesting that trained immunity might be a key instrument at play. Collectively referring to the memory-like characteristics of innate immune cells, trained immunity stems from epigenetic reprogramming that these innate immune cells undergo following exposure to a primary…
Prediction of Specific TCR-Peptide Binding From Large Dictionaries of TCR-Peptide Pairs
2019
Abstract The T cell repertoire is composed of T cell receptors (TCR) selected by their cognate MHC-peptides and naive TCR that do not bind known peptides. While the task of distinguishing a peptide-binding TCR from a naive TCR unlikely to bind any peptide can be performed using sequence motifs, distinguishing between TCRs binding different peptides requires more advanced methods. Such a prediction is the key for using TCR repertoires as disease-specific biomarkers. We here used large scale TCR-peptide dictionaries with state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) methods to produce ERGO (pEptide tcR matchinG predictiOn), a highly specific classifier to predict which TCR binds to which…
Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells for Regulatory T Cell Induction in Man.
2015
Dendritic cells are (DC) highly specialized professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) that regulate immune responses, maintaining the balance between tolerance and immunity. Mechanisms via which they can promote central and peripheral tolerance include clonal deletion, inhibition of memory T cell responses, T cell anergy and induction of regulatory T cells. These properties have led to the analysis of human tolerogenic DC as a therapeutic strategy for induction or re-establishment of tolerance. In the recent years, numerous protocols for the generation of human tolerogenic DC have been developed and their tolerogenic mechanisms, including induction of regulatory T cells, are relatively we…
IL-2 Expression in Activated Human Memory FOXP3(+) Cells Critically Depends on the Cellular Levels of FOXP3 as Well as of Four Transcription Factors …
2012
The human CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T cell population is heterogeneous and consists of various subpopulations which remain poorly defined. Anergy and suppression are two main functional characteristics of FOXP3(+)Treg cells. We used the anergic behavior of FOXP3(+)Treg cells for a better discrimination and characterization of such subpopulations. We compared IL-2-expressing with IL-2-non-expressing cells within the memory FOXP3(+) T cell population. In contrast to IL-2-non-expressing FOXP3(+) cells, IL-2-expressing FOXP3(+) cells exhibit intermediate characteristics of Treg and Th cells concerning the Treg cell markers CD25, GITR, and Helios. Besides lower levels of FOXP3, they also have higher levels…
Functional Signatures of Human CD4 and CD8 T Cell Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2014
With 1.4 million deaths and 8.7 million new cases in 2011, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health care problem and together with HIV and Malaria represents one of the three infectious diseases world-wide. Control of the global TB epidemic has been impaired by the lack of an effective vaccine, by the emergence of drug-resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and by the lack of sensitive and rapid diagnostics. It is estimated, by epidemiological reports, that one third of the world's population is latently infected with Mtb, but the majority of infected individuals develop long-lived protective immunity, which controls and contains Mtb in a T cell-dependent manner. Development o…
Immunological Markers for PML Prediction in MS Patients Treated with Natalizumab
2015
International audience; Natalizumab (NTZ), a monoclonal antibody recognizing the alpha4 integrin chain, has been approved for the treatment of active multiple sclerosis, but expose to the onset of a rare side effect, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Estimating the individual risk of PML in NTZ-treated patients is a major challenge, and therapeutic strategies are mainly guided by the overall PML risk assessed by identified risk factors: JC virus (JCV) seropositivity, treatment duration (with peak incidence after 24 months), and the previous use of immunosuppressive therapies. Given that this stratification does not yet allow a precise individual prediction of PML, other pred…
Memory CD8+ T Cell Protection From Viral Reinfection Depends on Interleukin-33 Alarmin Signals
2019
Memory CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can protect against viral reinfection. However, the signals driving rapid memory CTL reactivation have remained ill-defined. Viral infections can trigger the release of the alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) from non-hematopoietic cells. IL-33 signals through its unique receptor ST2 to promote primary effector expansion and activation of CTLs. Here, we show that the transcription factor STAT4 regulated the expression of ST2 on CTLs in vitro and in vivo in primary infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). In the primary antiviral response, IL-33 enhanced effector differentiation and antiviral cytokine production in a CTL-intrinsic manne…
Les lieux de mémoire victimaire en Europe : une culture commune et concurrente
2020
Since the 1990s, memorials and museums devoted to the victims of the massacres perpetrated in the twentieth century have multiplied in Europe, then in the world. This social, political and cultural fact is new. It reveals a radical change in historical representation where for centuries, only the victorious hero was celebrated in official history. In this context, specific memory sites, called “victim memory places”, have emerged. The Second World War is the turning point in this history of memory. The memory of the Holocaust is the model. But other memories, often competing, have also developed recently.This study proposes to record this break in the long duration of the history. Where doe…
Memorias en conflicto: dialécticas de la violencia política en la novela vasca actual
2013
Este trabajo pretende abordar algunas de las particularidades de las representaciones de la violencia política en la novela actual en lengua vasca. A partir de la constatación de que en la sociedad vasca, como en toda sociedad, existe un conflicto entre memorias de violencias de distinto signo, el artículo pretende ilustrar cómo se han articulado cuestiones tales como las categorías de víctima y victimario, cuya distinción no es siempre nítida, o los orígenes de la violencia política en dos novelas vascas actuales: Soinujolearen semea (El hijo del acordeonista) de Bernardo Atxaga y Antzararen bidea (El camino de la oca) de Jokin Muñoz. El autor sostiene que estas novelas plantean dos modos …
Representaciones de la transición española en la novela actual: una indagación en la configuración de la cultura democrática
2013
La noción de la transición como “matriz” de nuestro tiempo presente, como mito fundador de la España contemporánea es, hoy, uno de los puntos fundamentales de los debates culturales más recientes de nuestro país. Si consideramos el proceso de cambio político de la transición a la democracia como el punto de partida del proyecto democrático español aún vigente, el surgimiento de una serie de novelas centradas en el mismo resulta tan sintomático como oportuno. Por ello, en este artículo tratamos de interrogar las condiciones en las que ha aparecido esta serie de novelas, sus presupuestos comunes y los distintos núcleos de discusión a los que apuntan. Desde el análisis de la producción de una …