Search results for "Movement"
showing 10 items of 2021 documents
Severe neonatal onset of glycogenosis type IV: Clinical and laboratory findings leading to diagnosis in two siblings
2005
Glycogenosis type IV is an autosomal recessive disease, exceptionally diagnosed at birth: only very few reports of the fatal perinatal neuromuscular form have been described. We report on two sibling male newborns who died at 10 and 4 weeks of age with clinical signs of a systemic storage disease. Prenatal history included polyhydramnios, reduced fetal movements and fetal hydrops, and Caesarean section was performed at 36 weeks of gestational age because of fetal distress. At birth, both babies showed severe hypotonia, hyporeflexia and no spontaneous breathing activity. They never showed active movements, sucking and swallowing and were respirator-dependent until death. A muscle biopsy reve…
Central Modulatory Neurons Control Fuel Selection in Flight Muscle of Migratory Locust
2003
Insect flight is one of the most intense and energy-demanding physiological activities. High carbohydrate oxidation rates are necessary for take-off, but, to spare the limited carbohydrate reserves, long-distance flyers, such as locusts, soon switch to lipid as the main fuel. We demonstrate that before a flight, locust muscles are metabolically poised for take-off by the release of octopamine from central modulatory dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons, which increases the levels of the potent glycolytic activator fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in flight muscle. Because DUM neurons innervating the flight muscles are active during rest but selectively inhibited during flight, they stimulate carbo…
Induction of identified mesodermal cells by CNS midline progenitors in Drosophila.
1997
ABSTRACT The Drosophila ventral midline cells generate a discrete set of CNS lineages, required for proper patterning of the ventral ectoderm. Here we provide the first evidence that the CNS midline cells also exert inductive effects on the mesoderm. Mesodermal progenitors adjacent to the midline progenitor cells give rise to ventral somatic mucles and a pair of unique cells that come to lie dorsomedially on top of the ventral nerve cord, the so-called DM cells. Cell ablation as well as cell transplantation experiments indicate that formation of the DM cells is induced by midline progenitors in the early embryo. These results are corroborated by genetic analyses. Mutant single minded embryo…
A common precursor for glia and neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila gives rise to segment-specific lineage variants
1993
ABSTRACT The nervous system consists of two classes of cells, neurons and glia, which differ in morphology and function. They derive from precursors located in the neurogenic region of the ectoderm. In this study, we present the complete embryonic lineage of a neuroectodermal precursor in Drosophila that gives rise to neurons as well as glia in the abdominal CNS. This lineage is conserved among different Drosophila species. We show that neuronal and glial cell types in this clone derive from one segregating precursor, previously described as NB1-1. Thus, in addition to neuroblasts and glioblasts, there exists a third class of CNS precursors in Drosophila, which we call neuroglioblasts. We f…
Skull and vertebral bone marrow are myeloid cell reservoirs for the meninges and CNS parenchyma.
2021
Getting around the blood–brain barrier The meninges comprise three membranes that surround and protect the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies have noted the existence of myeloid cells resident there, but little is known about their ontogeny and function, and whether other meningeal immune cell populations have important roles remains unclear (see the Perspective by Nguyen and Kubes). Cugurra et al. found in mice that a large proportion of continuously replenished myeloid cells in the dura mater are not blood derived, but rather transit from cranial bone marrow through specialized channels. In models of CNS injury and neuroinflammation, the authors demonstrated that these myeloid c…
Serotonin Involvement in the Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology: Could the 5-HT2C Receptor be a New Target for Therapeutic Strategies?.
2006
The basal ganglia are a highly interconnected group of subcortical nuclei in the vertebrate brain that play a critical role not only in the control of movements but also in some cognitive and behavioral functions. Several recent studies have emphasized that serotonergic pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) are intimately involved in the modulation of the basal ganglia and in the pathophysiology of human involuntary movement disorders. These observations are supported by anatomical evidence demonstrating large serotonergic innervation of the basal ganglia. In fact, serotonergic terminals have been reported to make synaptic contacts with dopamine (DA)-containing neurons and gamma-amin…
Neuronal Activity Drives Localized Blood-Brain-Barrier Transport of Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-I into the CNS
2010
Upon entry into the central nervous system (CNS), serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) modulates neuronal growth, survival, and excitability. Yet mechanisms that trigger IGF-I entry across the blood-brain barrier remain unclear. We show that neuronal activity elicited by electrical, sensory, or behavioral stimulation increases IGF-I input in activated regions. Entrance of serum IGF-I is triggered by diffusible messengers (i.e., ATP, arachidonic acid derivatives) released during neurovascular coupling. These messengers stimulate matrix metalloproteinase-9, leading to cleavage of the IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Cleavage of IGFBP-3 allows the passage of serum IGF-I into the CNS thro…
Commitment of CNS Progenitors Along the Dorsoventral Axis of Drosophila Neuroectoderm
1995
In the Drosophila embryo, the central nervous system (CNS) develops from a population of neural stem cells (neuroblasts) and midline progenitor cells. Here, the fate and extent of determination of CNS progenitors along the dorsoventral axis was assayed. Dorsal neuroectodermal cells transplanted into the ventral neuroectoderm or into the midline produced CNS lineages consistent with their new position. However, ventral neuroectodermal cells and midline cells transplanted to dorsal sites of the neuroectoderm migrated ventrally and produced CNS lineages consistent with their origin. Thus, inductive signals at the ventral midline and adjacent neuroectoderm may confer ventral identities to CNS p…
Complex regional pain syndrome–up-to-date
2017
The pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndromes includes inflammation and central reorganisation. The treatment should be adjusted to the prevailing pathophysiology including possible psychosocial factors.
Computation of inverse functions in a model of cerebellar and reflex pathways allows to control a mobile mechanical segment.
2003
Abstract The command and control of limb movements by the cerebellar and reflex pathways are modeled by means of a circuit whose structure is deduced from functional constraints. One constraint is that fast limb movements must be accurate although they cannot be continuously controlled in closed loop by use of sensory signals. Thus, the pathways which process the motor orders must contain approximate inverse functions of the bio-mechanical functions of the limb and of the muscles. This can be achieved by means of parallel feedback loops, whose pattern turns out to be comparable to the anatomy of the cerebellar pathways. They contain neural networks able to anticipate the motor consequences …