Search results for "N-2"

Effects of human recombinant interleukins on stimulation-evoked noradrenaline overflow from the rat perfused spleen

1994

Experiments were carried out in the isolated spleen of the rat to study in a lymphoid organ the influence of interleukins (ILs) on noradrenaline release. Spleens were perfused with Tyrode's solution and the overflow of endogenous noradrenaline was determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Perivascular electrical stimulation (4 or 10 Hz, 20-28 mA, 2 min) caused an increase in noradrenaline overflow and in perfusion pressure, both of which were markedly reduced by perfusion with Ca(2+)-free solution, abolished by tetrodotoxin, unaffected by hexamethonium, and subject to alpha 2-adrenoceptor- and muscarinic receptor-mediated modulation as shown by the effects of rauwolscine and methac…

SYNTHESIS, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A PACLITAXEL MACROMOLECULAR PRODRUG

2004

Paclitaxel was attached to poly(hydroxyethylaspartamide) via a succinic spacer arm by a two-step protocol: (1) synthesis of 2'-O-succinyl-paclitaxel; (2) synthesis of PHEA-2'-O-succinyl-paclitaxel. The 2'-O-succinyl-paclitaxel derivative and the macromolecular conjugate were characterized by UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry analysis. The reaction yields were over 95% and the purity of products over 98%. Paclitaxel release and degradation from 2'-O-succinyl-paclitaxel occurred at a faster rate at pH 5.5 than 7.4. After 30 h of incubation at pH 5.5 and 7.4 the released free paclitaxel was about 40 and 20%, respectively. In plasma both drug release and degradation were found to occur at a hig…

An anti-interleukin-2 receptor drug attenuates T- helper 1 lymphocytes-mediated inflammation in an acute model of endotoxin-induced uveitis.

2014

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of Daclizumab, an anti-interleukin-2 receptor drug, in an experimental uveitis model upon a subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide into Lewis rats, a valuable model for ocular acute inflammatory processes. The integrity of the blood-aqueous barrier was assessed 24 h after endotoxin-induced uveitis by evaluating two parameters: cell count and protein concentration in aqueous humors. The histopathology of all the ocular structures (cornea, lens, sclera, choroid, retina, uvea, and anterior and posterior chambers) was also considered. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of the aqueous humor samples were performed t…

Role of Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin in the Detection of Contrast-induced Nephropathy in Patients Undergoing a Coronary Angiography

2015

ATXN2 trinucleotide repeat length correlates with risk of ALS

2017

We investigated a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the ATXN2 gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Two new case-control studies, a British dataset of 1474 ALS cases and 567 controls, and a Dutch dataset of 1328 ALS cases and 691 controls were analyzed. In addition, to increase power, we systematically searched PubMed for case-control studies published after 1 August 2010 that investigated the association between ATXN2 intermediate repeats and ALS. We conducted a meta-analysis of the new and existing studies for the relative risks of ATXN2 intermediate repeat alleles of between 24 and 34 CAG trinucleotide repeats and ALS. There was an overall increased risk of ALS for those carry…

Bacteroides vulgatus protects against escherichia coli-induced colitis in gnotobiotic interleukin-2-deficient mice

2003

Abstract Background & Aims: The microflora plays a crucial role in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Specific pathogen-free (SPF), but not germ-free, interleukin (IL)-2-deficient (IL-2−/−) mice develop colitis. The colitogenicity of commensal bacteria was determined. Methods: Gnotobiotic IL-2−/− and IL-2+/+ mice were colonized with Escherichia coli mpk, Bacteroides vulgatus mpk, or both bacterial strains, or with E. coli strain Nissle 1917. DNA arrays were used to characterize E. coli mpk. Colitis was analyzed by histology and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, and CD14 messenger RNA (mRNA) expre…

Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda): differential in vivo mucin expression and glycosylation in high- and low-compatible hosts.

2014

Enhanced mucus production and release appears to be a common mechanism for the clearance of intestinal helminths, and this expulsion is normally mediated by Th2-type immune responses. To investigate the factors determining the expulsion of intestinal helminths, we have analysed in vivo expression of mucin genes at the site of infection in two host species displaying different compatibility with Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda). Surprisingly, a general down-regulation on mucin mRNA expression was detected in low-compatible hosts (rats) coinciding with the development of Th2/Th17 responses and the early rejection of the worms from the intestinal lumen. This suggests the existence of a mechanis…

Study of the Association with -330T/G IL-2 in a Population of Centenarians from Centre and South Italy.

2005

Immune response in elderly is characterised by a progressive loss of the ability to cope environmental stressors with a characteristic remodelling of cytokine network. One of the data constantly reported in literature is the decrease of IL-2 production. An IL-2 central role in the reconstitution of T cell function in vitro is largely documented. Studies on a T → G polymorphism at - 330 nt of IL-2 gene promoter region have demonstrated that T lymphocytes from 330GG homozygous subjects are able to produce in vitro higher amount of IL-2, than -330TG heterozygous or -330TT homozygous subjects. As a genetic background conditioning the maintaining of an efficient immune response would exert posit…

Th17 responses in Echinostoma caproni infections in hosts of high and low compatibility.

2011

In order to investigate the factors determining the expulsion of intestinal helminths, we have analyzed the in vivo expression of IL-17, TGF-β and IL-23 in several tissues of two host species displaying different compatibility with Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda). We did not observe upregulation of these cytokines in any of the tissues of the high compatible host (mice). In contrast, the responses in the host of low compatibility (rats) with the parasite were markedly different. Significant increases in the expression of IL-17 and TGF-β were observed in the Peyer's patches and the intestine from the 2 to 8 weeks post-infection. The expression of IL-23 was upregulated from 2 to 4 weeks post-…

Protective role of nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 in CD8+ long-lived memory T cells in an allergy model

2007

Background The transcriptional regulation of cytokines released and controlled by memory T cells is not well understood. Defective IFN-γ production in allergic asthma correlates in human beings with the risk of wheezing in childhood. Objective To understand the role of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFATc2) in memory and effector T cells in the airways in experimental allergic asthma. Methods We used murine models of allergic asthma and adoptive cell transfer of fluorescence-activated sorted cells in a disease model. Results Mice lacking NFATc2 developed an increase in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), remodeling, and serum IgE levels on ovalbumin sensitizat…