Search results for "Natural Language Processing"
showing 10 items of 413 documents
On the Locality of Standard Search Operators in Grammatical Evolution
2014
Offspring should be similar to their parents and inherit their relevant properties. This general design principle of search operators in evolutionary algorithms is either known as locality or geometry of search operators, respectively. It takes a geometric perspective on search operators and suggests that the distance between an offspring and its parents should be less than or equal to the distance between both parents. This paper examines the locality of standard search operators used in grammatical evolution (GE) and genetic programming (GP) for binary tree problems. Both standard GE and GP search operators suffer from low locality since a substantial number of search steps result in an o…
Evaluative linguistic expressions vs. fuzzy categories
2015
In this paper, we discuss the distinction between categories characterized by verbal labels taken from a fuzzy rating scale and special class of linguistic expressions, called evaluative. The latter form a general class of expressions that includes gradable and evaluative adjectives and their hedges. First, we will provide a brief linguistic analysis of them. Then we outline basic principles for construction of the mathematical model of semantics of evaluative expressions. In Section 3 we will analyze the concepts of rating scale with verbal labels (fuzzy rating scale), their semantics and demonstrate that the latter cannot be identified with the semantics of evaluative expressions. Finally…
Ordinal mind change complexity of language identification
1997
The approach of ordinal mind change complexity, introduced by Freivalds and Smith, uses constructive ordinals to bound the number of mind changes made by a learning machine. This approach provides a measure of the extent to which a learning machine has to keep revising its estimate of the number of mind changes it will make before converging to a correct hypothesis for languages in the class being learned. Recently, this measure, which also suggests the difficulty of learning a class of languages, has been used to analyze the learnability of rich classes of languages. Jain and Sharma have shown that the ordinal mind change complexity for identification from positive data of languages formed…
Notes on the Success of Speech Acts and Negotiating Commitments
1996
Technologies that support communication and models used in the development of communications need good underlying theories. One theory suggested as a base for design is speech act theory. Both communication support tools and modelling notations informed by speech act theory have been proposed. Speech act theory forms no unified, single theory, but actually houses several variants for dealing with semantics, pragmatics, and social context of communications. They all have one common feature: they assume that language is not merely a means of describing but also a means for doing things. In this paper we present an overview of speech act theories and their uses in information systems research.…
Perceptual semantics: A three-level approach
2010
In this work we suggest a model according to which semantics has been already generated during the perception through the interaction of three dynamic levels of perceptual organization. We consider perceptual grouping as the first order processing. Shape formation is considered as the second order processing. Both grouping and shape formation can be considered as two complementary and interrelated processes of perceptual organization. The third — partially overlapping — level is meaning assignment. Most of the results are supported by empirical evidence based on new visual illusions of shape and meaning and are consistent with several other proposals (e.g., [1], [2] and [3]).
The Argument Dependency Model
2015
This chapter summarizes the architecture of the extended Argument Dependency Model (eADM), a model of language comprehension that aspires toward neurobiological plausibility. It combines design principles from neurobiology with insights on cross-linguistic diversity. Like other current models, the eADM posits that auditory language processing proceeds along two distinct streams in the brain emanating from auditory cortex: the antero-ventral and postero-dorsal streams. Both streams are organized hierarchically and information processing takes place in a cascaded fashion. Each stream has functionally unified computational properties congruent with its role in primate audition. While the dorsa…
Null Effect of Set Size in Lexical Decision
1995
The effect of set size indicates that recall of a word is greater when its cue is associated with fewer words. This study was designed to replicate this result with lexical decisions of 18 students. In spite of obtaining the set-size effect with cue recall, it was not observed with lexical decision.
The Development of Spatial Location in Finnish
1991
Abstract The purpose of this research was to study the shift from mono- to bi-referential spatial location in the language of Finnish children. Monoreferential location is based on the intrinsic properties of a referent object and the proximity relationship, and bireferential location requires coordinated spatial relationships involving referent objects and a projective relationship. Locative expressions which are monoreferential include: in/on/under and intrinsic front/back, and those which are bireferential include deictic front/back and between. A pictorial representation of locative relationships with a sentence-picture matching task was used to present the mono- vs bi-referential contr…
Comment on: A critical analysis of the internal logic in the Life-Space Assessment (LSA) composite score and suggested solutions
2016
Background:An individual’s ability to live independently is commonly measured in health research interested in identifying risk factors associated with disablement processes. In order to inform clinical practice, population research has attempted to identify the contraction of “lived-space” by using various survey instruments.Problem:Studies assessing habitual movements over the environment with the Life-Space Assessment (LSA) survey instrument should carefully consider how the LSA Composite Score (LSA-CS) is computed. Until now, no publication has carefully delineated the assumptions guiding the internal logic used in the computation of the LSA-CS.Core argument:Because the internal logic o…
Search and Comprehension Processes in Learning from Text
2008
We analyzed the relationships between comprehension skill and search strategies in instructional text. In two experiments, college-level readers were asked to search a computer-presented science text in order to answer different types of questions. High level questions required the integration of information across paragraphs, whereas low level questions requested the localization of information within a single paragraph. High level questions were re-read more often and they resulted in broader text search patterns. Furthermore, students who were diagnosed as good comprehenders located relevant sections of the text faster and spent more time on those sections. Poor comprehenders, on the oth…