Search results for "OTR"

Isobaric Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Dipropyl Ether, 1-Propyl Alcohol, and Butyl Propionate

2006

Consistent vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) data at 101.3 kPa have been determined for the ternary system dipropyl ether + 1-propyl alcohol + butyl propionate and two constituent binary systems:  dipropyl ether + butyl propionate and 1-propyl alcohol + butyl propionate. The dipropyl ether + butyl propionate system exhibits ideal behavior, and the 1-propyl alcohol + butyl propionate system shows positive deviations from Raoult's law. No additional azeotropes are present. The activity coefficients of the solutions were correlated with its composition by the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models. The ternary system is well-predicted from binary interaction parameters. Butyl propionate breaks the dipr…

Isobaric Vapor−Liquid Equilibria of Trichloroethylene with 1-Butanol and 2-Butanol at 20 and 100 kPa

1996

Vapor−liquid equilibria for trichloroethylene + 1-butanol, and + 2-butanol are reported at 20 and 100 kPa. The two systems satisfy the point-to-point thermodynamic consistency test. Both systems show a positive deviation from ideality.

1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Dicyanamide as a Very Efficient Entrainer for the Extractive Distillation of the Acetone + Methanol System

2012

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) for the ternary system acetone + methanol +1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([emim][DCA]) as well as the two solvent + IL binary systems have been obtained at 100 kPa using a recirculating still. The addition of [emim][DCA] to the solvent mixture produced a salting-out effect greater than that produced by other ionic liquids, showing that this ionic liquid is, until now, the best IL tested as an entrainer for the extractive distillation of the acetone + methanol mixtures, causing the azeotrope to disappear for an ionic liquid mole fraction as low as 0.031, at 100 kPa. This behavior can be explained on the basis of the influence of the IL concent…

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria for the binary systems isobutyl alcohol+isobutyl acetate and tert-butyl alcohol+tert-butyl acetate at 20 and 101.3kPa

2005

Abstract New consistent vapor–liquid equilibrium data for the binary systems isobutyl alcohol (IBA) + isobutyl acetate (IBAc) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) + tert-butyl acetate (TBAc) are reported at 20 and 101.3 kPa. The IBA + IBAc system, which deviates positively from ideal behavior, can be described as symmetric solution and presents azeotrope at both pressures. The TBA + TBAc system shows positive deviations from ideal behavior and presents azeotrope only at 20 kPa. The activity coefficients and boiling points of the solutions were correlated with their composition by the Wilson, UNIQUAC, NRTL and Wisniak–Tamir equations.

Evapotranspiration from an Olive Orchard using Remote Sensing-Based Dual Crop Coefficient Approach

2013

A remote sensing-based approach to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ET) was tested in an area covered by olive trees and characterized by Mediterranean climate. The methodology is a modified version of the standard FAO-56 dual crop coefficient procedure, in which the crop potential transpiration, T p, is obtained by directly applying the Penman-Monteith (PM) equation with actual canopy characteristics (i.e., leaf area index, albedo and canopy height) derived from optical remote sensing data. Due to the minimum requirement of in-situ ancillary inputs, the methodology is suitable also for applications on large areas where the use of tabled crop coefficient values become problematic, due to…

Daily evapotranspiration assessment by means of residual surface energy balance modeling: A critical analysis under a wide range of water availability

2012

Summary An operational use of the actual evapotranspiration assessed by remote sensing approaches requires the integration of instantaneous fluxes to daily values. This is commonly achieved under the hypotheses of daytime self-preservation of evaporative fraction and negligible daily ground heat flux. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of these assumptions on estimate daily evapotranspiration over a full phenological cycle, including phases characterized by significant changes both in net radiation and vegetation cover. To assess the reliability of these hypotheses, the observations made by a flux tower, installed within a homogeneous field of cereal located in the valley part …

The impact of in-canopy wind profile formulations on heat flux estimation in an open orchard using the remote sensing-based two-source model

2010

Abstract. For open orchard and vineyard canopies containing significant fractions of exposed soil (>50%), typical of Mediterranean agricultural regions, the energy balance of the vegetation elements is strongly influenced by heat exchange with the bare soil/substrate. For these agricultural systems a "two-source" approach, where radiation and turbulent exchange between the soil and canopy elements are explicitly modelled, appears to be the only suitable methodology for reliably assessing energy fluxes. In strongly clumped canopies, the effective wind speed profile inside and below the canopy layer can strongly influence the partitioning of energy fluxes between the soil and vegetation co…

Actual evapotranspiration assessment in a sparse tall Mediterranean crops

2010

Comparing actual evapotranspiration and plant water potential on a vineyard

2011

Agricultural water requirement in arid and semi-arid environments represents an important fraction of the total water consumption, suggesting the need of appropriate water management practices to sparingly use the resource. Furthermore the quality and quantity of some crops products, such as grape, is improved under a controlled amount of water stress. The latter is related, on a side to actual evapotranspiration (ET) through water demand, on the other side to plant water content through leaf water potential. Residual energy balance approaches based on remote sensing allow to estimate the spatial distribution of daily actual ET at plant scale, representing an useful tool to detect its spati…

Effects of rainfall events on the evapotranspiration retrieved by an energy balance model

2009

An alternative way to map the actual evapotranspiration (ET) spatial distribution at daily scale is the application of residual surface energy balance models to satellite images that are characterised by high temporal frequency and moderate spatial resolution, like those acquired by the MODIS sensors on board of TERRA and AQUA platforms. Within this research the well-known SEBAL model has been applied on an area located in the southern part of Sicily (Imera Meridionale catchment) using four images acquired between the 27th of March and the 11th of April 2007. The catchment extends for about 2000 km2 and includes both mountains and hill areas: the first are located in the northern part (the …