Search results for "Opening"
showing 10 items of 154 documents
Branched Acid-Degradable, Biocompatible Polyether Copolymers via Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization Using an Epoxide Inimer
2022
The introduction of acid-degradable acetal moieties into a hyperbranched polyether backbone has been achieved by the design of a novel epoxide-based degradable inimer. This new monomer, namely, 1-(glycidyloxy)ethyl ethylene glycol ether (GEGE), has been copolymerized in the anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) with ethylene oxide (EO) or glycidol (G), respectively, yielding branched polyethers, that is, P(EO-co-GEGE) and P(G-co-GEGE), that possess an adjustable amount of acid-cleavable acetal units. In addition, a novel class of multiarm star copolymers P(G-co-GEGE-g-EO) with acid-labile polyether core and PEG side chains was synthesized by using the P(G-co-GEGE) copolymers as multifu…
The poly(propylene oxide-co-ethylene oxide) gradient is controlled by the polymerization method: determination of reactivity ratios by direct compari…
2019
An investigation of the highly relevant copolymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) by in situ1H NMR spectroscopy shows striking differences in the copolymerization kinetics, depending on the polymerization method. Examination of the EO/PO copolymerization kinetics using iBu3Al for the monomer-activated anionic ring opening polymerization (AROP) confirmed a strong monomer gradient of the microstructure (rEO = 6.4, rPO = 0.16) in contrast to the known weak gradient in the conventional AROP (rEO = 2.8, rPO = 0.25). The first study via in situ1H-NMR kinetics of the copolymerization of PO and EO under heterogeneous double metal cyanide (DMC) catalysis, a method that produce…
Linear-Hyperbranched Amphiphilic AB Diblock Copolymers Based on Polystyrene and Hyperbranched Polyglycerol
2005
A convenient three-step strategy has been developed for the preparation of well-defined amphiphilic, linear hyperbranched block copolymers by hypergrafting. The synthetic procedure is based on a combination of carbanionic polymerization with the alkoxide-based controlled ring-opening multibranching polymerization of glycidol. A linear AB diblock copolymer polystyrene-block-polybutadiene (PS-b-PB) with narrow polydispersity was obtained by anionic copolymerization. Subsequent hydroxylation by hydroboration led to PS 508 -b-(PB-OH) 56 , used as macro--initiator for the polymerization of glycidol under slow monomer addition conditions.
An All-ROMP Route to Graft Copolymers
2007
A new versatile synthesis strategy for macromonomers has been developed that uses the living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with commercial Grubbs first generation ruthenium initiators. Homopolymers as well as diblock copolymers were end-functionalized with norbornene derivatives to serve as macromonomers. The graft copolymerization of the macromonomers was also carried out employing ROMP. Well-defined and highly functional graft copolymers are accessible by this new synthetic route.
Synthesis and degradation of poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-graft-poly (ε-caprolactone) copolymers
2004
Abstract Poly (e-caprolactone) macromonomers carrying a methacryloyl end groups were synthesized using different lanthanide derivatives as catalysts, and characterized by SEC and 1 H NMR. Hydrophilic–hydrophobic copolymers from macromonomers and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were obtained by solution free radical polymerization. Depending on the feed ratio of the two components, different copolymer structures were obtained. The expected graft structure of the copolymers was confirmed by 1 H NMR. Thermal properties of the copolymers were determined by DSC and TGA. Hydrolytic and enzymatic degradations of the materials were performed. Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)- graft -poly (e-ca…
The Unique Versatility of the Double Metal Cyanide (DMC) Catalyst: Introducing Siloxane Segments to Polypropylene Oxide by Ring-Opening Copolymerizat…
2020
The combination of hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) blocks with hydrophilic polyether segments plays a key role for silicone surfactants. Capitalizing on the double metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst, the direct (i.e., statistical) copolymerization of cyclic siloxanes and epoxides is shown to be feasible. The solvent-free one-pot copolymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane and propylene oxide results in the formation of gradient propylene oxide (PPO)-PDMS copolymers. Copolymers with up to 46% siloxane content with low dispersities (Ð < 1.2) are obtained in the molecular weight range of 2100-2900 g mol-1 . The polymerization kinetics are investigated by pressure monitoring and in situ 1 …
One-pot synthesis and characterization of aliphatic poly(oxytetramethylene) ionene
2002
Abstract One-pot synthesis of poly(oxytetramethylene) ionene (POI) composed of one dimethylammonium group in each repeating unit is described. POI was prepared by using the cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran, followed by the chain extension reaction of living poly(oxytetramethylene) (POTM) chain with N , N -dimethylaminotrimethylsilane. The weight average molecular weight of the ionene with bromide counter-anion (POI–Br) was 48,000 g/mol and the molecular weight of POTM between the ionic sites was ca. 2100. POI–Br showed polyelectrolyte behavior in polar solvent. The elastomeric film of POI–Br was prepared: its tensile strength at break and elongation at break were ca. 11 MPa and ca…
Behaviour of concrete deep beams with openings and low shear span-to-depth ratio
2012
Abstract The goal of this study is to experimentally and analytically evaluate the influence of circular openings in reinforced concrete deep beams with low shear span-to-depth ratio. Twenty reinforced concrete small-scale deep beams with or without openings were tested in flexure under four-point loading. The beams had a small shear span-to-depth ratio in order to stress the shear behavior. The specimens had different reinforcement arrangements and opening positions. The load was transmitted to the specimen with bearing plates having the same side length as the beam. Two LVDT’s were arranged to record the transverse and axial strain of the theoretical struts forming in the beam. Additional…
Anterior Capsule Opening Contraction and Late Intraocular Lens Dislocation after Cataract Surgery in Patients with Weak or Partially Absent Zonular S…
2021
Background and Objectives: To evaluate anterior capsule opening (ACO) contraction and late intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation after cataract surgery in patients with weak or partially absent zonular support and assess methods of reducing these complications. Materials and Methods: For this prospective study, we enlisted cataract surgery patients in our hospital with preoperative diagnoses of weak zonules. All patients received phacoemulsification surgery with implantation of a hydrophobic acrylic IOL and capsular tension ring (CTR). ACO reductions were measured for six months after enrolment. Data on late IOL dislocations were collected five years after enrolment of the last patient. Result…
1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium-2-carboxylate: a versatile precatalyst for the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and rac-lactide under solv…
2013
The ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and rac-lactide (rac-LA) under solvent-free conditions and using 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-2-carboxylate (BMIM-2-CO2) as precatalyst is described. Linear and star-branched polyesters were synthesized by successive use of benzyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol and pentaerythritol as initiator alcohols, and the products were fully characterized by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). BMIM-2-CO2 acts as an N-heterocyclic carbene precursor, resulting from in situ decarboxylation, either by heating under vacuo (method A) or by addition of NaBPh4 (method B)…