Search results for "Optimism"
showing 10 items of 115 documents
Explaining a Surge in IPR Filings: Uncertain Design Rights and Learning Their Boundaries in the Finnish Sauna Heater Market
2017
We present a case study of a surge in design right filings in an industry transforming from technology-based to design-based competition. The motives for and outcomes of filing, and how these changed over time are discussed. We go on to explore the events, which offered the agents opportunities to update their beliefs about the scope of design right protection. We find that filing motives change from specific protection goals to freedom to operate over time. We also find that the actors faced several, but sometimes contradictory, learning opportunities. Finally, we argue that uncertain design rights may have fostered entrepreneurial optimism. Policy makers could level the playing field and …
Effects of the Best Possible Self intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis
2019
The Best Possible Self (BPS) exercise promotes a positive view of oneself in the best possible future, after working hard towards it. Since the first work that attempted to examine the benefits of this intervention in 2001, studies on the BPS have grown exponentially and, currently, this is one of the most widely used Positive Psychology Interventions. However, little is yet known about its overall effectiveness in increasing wellbeing outcomes. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis is to shed light on this question. A systematic literature search was conducted, and 29 studies (in 26 articles) met the inclusion criteria of empirically testing the intervention and comparing it to a control con…
Individual Profiles of Psychological Capital in a Spanish Sample
2019
Psychological Capital (PsyCap) consists of hope, self-efficacy, resilience and optimism. It is usually assumed that individuals score similarly across these four components, however, there have been suggestions in the literature that in some cases, people can score high on some dimensions and low on others, and that it is necessary to explore the matter further (Dawkins, 2014). Hence, the main objective of this article is to explore if the relationship between the dimensions of PsyCap results in individual profiles; to see which sociodemographic characteristics they have, and how the profiles relate to job satisfaction and performance. The sample consists of 1752 employees from different co…
Measuring dispositional optimism in patients with chronic heart failure and their healthcare providers: The validity of the Life Orientation Test-Rev…
2017
Patrizia Steca,1 Dario Monzani,1 Antonia Pierobon,2 Giulia Avvenuti,2 Andrea Greco,1 Anna Giardini2 1Department of Psychology, University of Milano – Bicocca, Milan, 2Psychology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri Spa SB, IRCCS Montescano, Montescano, Italy Abstract: The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) measures dispositional optimism (DO) – an individual difference promoting physical and psychological well-being in healthy adults (HAs) as well as in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and healthcare providers (HPs). Controversy has arisen regarding the dimensionality of the LOT-R. Whereas DO was originally defined as a one-dimensional construct, empiri…
Optimistic, Approach‐oriented, and Avoidance Strategies in Social Situations: Three Studies on Loneliness and Peer Relationships
1996
The aim of the three studies was to examine the extent to which the cognitive and behavioural strategies young adults apply in social situations are associated with their subsequent feelings of loneliness, their peer relationships, and social behaviour. In Study 1, 303 young adults first filled in the Strategy and Attribution Questionnaire (SAQ) and, 1 year later, the revised UCLA Loneliness scale. In Study 2, 71 young adults filled in first the SAQ and, 4 months later, the UCLA Loneliness scale and a sociometric questionnaire measuring popularity and unpopularity. In Study 3, 35 young adults who had participated in Study 1 were rated by student tutors according to their social behaviour in…
Self-esteem, dispositional optimism, and health: Evidence from cross-lagged data on employees
2004
Abstract The aims of this one-year follow-up study among Finnish employees ( n =426) were twofold: first, to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and optimism and, second, to examine the prospective relationships between these two personality constructs, mental distress and physical symptoms. The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed that the latent variables of optimism and self-esteem were highly interrelated (Time 1, r =.90, Time 2, r =.87), forming the core construct of personal resilience, which turned out to be stable (stability coefficient .86) over the one-year period. The results of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) indicated that high personal resilien…
The mystery of the Polish soul. B. W. Johnson's effectà rebours
1996
Studies conducted in Poland replicated a not very-well known effect discovered by B. W. Johnson (1937). In his study students estimated their mood on several successive days each time comparing it to the mood they usually have. The results revealed a peculiar positive bias in that the students usually defined their mood as 'better than usual'. Johnson's study was replicated in Poland, where demonstration of optimism is not a cultural norm. The results suggest that Polish subjects 'usually define their mood as worse than usual'. The generalization and limitation of this negative bias is discussed in the light of the Pollyanna Principle and related empirical studies involving Polish subjects.
Optimism mediates the relationships between meaning in life and subjective and psychological well-being among late adolescents
2018
BackgroundThe concepts of meaning in life and well-being appear to have structural and functional connections, which become even more noticeable when examining their role in individuals’ daily functioning. One of the prospective variables which can play a mediational role between meaning in life and subjective and psychological well-being may be optimism, which also holds an important motivational value for young people. The aim of this study was to examine the predictive value of meaning in life and optimism, and indirect effects between meaning in life and subjective and psychological well-being among Polish late adoles-cents within the self-concordant model.Participants and procedureA to…
Sociometric status of young adults: Behavioural correlates, and cognitive-motivational antecedents and consequences
2001
A cross-lagged longitudinal study was carried out to investigate whether social reaction styles and loneliness serve as antecedents and consequences of sociometric status among young adults. Behavioural correlates of sociometric status were also studied. Questionnaires measuring sociometric ratings, social reaction styles, loneliness, and group atmosphere were ”lled in by 154 students one week after starting at a new school, then half a year later, and ”nally, one year later. In Measurement 2, the participants’ social behaviour was rated by their classmates. The results indicated that social reaction styles, feelings of loneliness, and satisfaction with the group atmosphere prospectively p…
Adaptation and Initial Validation of the BRCS in an Elderly Spanish Sample
2012
Resilience is understood as a dynamic process encompassing positive adaptation within the context of adversity. This study examined the validity of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), a 4-item measure designed to capture tendencies to cope with stress in a highly adaptive manner, in an elderly Spanish population. A total of 133 elderly people from an association of retired persons in Valencia (Spain) provided the responses for the validation study. The factorial validity of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis, with a single dimension of resilience with adequate fit indexes emerging from this analysis. The BRCS has adequate internal consistency both at the scale and…