Search results for "PEN"
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Komandējumi valsts pārvaldē. Tiesiskais regulējums Latvijā.
2022
Komandējumi ir neatņemama un ļoti būtiska valsts pārvalžu funkcionēšanas sastāvdaļa. Pēdējie grozījumi komandējumu noteikumos bija pavisam nesen, kas liecina par temata aktualitāti. Maģistra darba “Komandējumi valsts pārvaldē. Tiesiskais regulējums Latvijā” mērķis un galvenie uzdevumi ir pētīt normatīvos aktus, kas regulē komandējumus valsts pārvaldē Latvijā, atrast nepilnības tajos, salīdzināt regulējumu ar citu valstu piemēriem, rast skaidrojumus, kā arī izvirzīt priekšlikumus nepilnību precizēšanai. Viena no galvenajām problēmām ar komandējumiem saistītajā regulējumā ir tāda, ka tajos aprakstītās normas ir pārāk plaši interpretējamas. Pētījuma rezultāti pierāda, ka pārāk plaša interpretā…
Lost in translation : implementing personal assistance in an East Asian context
2023
Since 2012, Taiwanese citizens with disabilities have been entitled to personal assistance from local authorities. To explore current features of personal assistance and barriers to its implementation, and distinguish it from homecare services, 33 disabled people and 12 staff members representing 10 local authorities in Taiwan were interviewed. Findings indicate that disabled people prefer personal assistance to homecare and perceive that relationships with their families have improved since the availability of personal assistance. However, many users’ needs are unmet due to insufficient hours of service and costly co-payments. Results also show that development of personal assistance has b…
Modelling the effect of ethanol on growth rate of food spoilage moulds
2005
The effect of ethanol (E) on the radial growth rate (mu) of food spoilage moulds (Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Eurotium herbariorum, Mucor circinelloides, Mucor racemosus, Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus oryzae and Trichoderma harzianum) was assessed in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium at a(w) 0.99, 25 degrees C. In order to model this effect, the Monod type equation described previously by Houtsma et al. (Houtsma, P.C., Kusters, B.J.M., de Wit, J.C., Rombouts, F.M., Zwietering, M.H., 1994. Modelling growth rates of Listeria monocytogenes as a function of lactate concentration. Int…
Tensions and challenges concerning ethics on video research with young children : experiences from an international collaboration among seven countri…
2018
This article and the four videos linked to this article are a result of the earliest experiences in establishing an international research collaboration among seven countries in the Project Social and emotional experiences in transition through the early years. We draw attention to the complex issues surrounding the many processes, beliefs and attitudes about infants in research that permeated our processes of gaining ethical approval for the international study and which posed many challenges for our project. Through a process of reflective analysis, we have identified a range of ethical tensions and issues which the different countries involved in this international study faced in gaining…
Safety in Numbers: How Color Morph Frequency Affects Predation Risk in an Aposematic Moth
2021
Polymorphic warning signals in aposematic systems are enigmatic because predator learning should favor the most common form, creating positive frequency-dependent survival. However, many populations exhibit variation in warning signals. There are various selective mechanisms that can counter positive frequency-dependent selection and lead to temporal or spatial warning signal diversification. Examining these mechanisms and their effects requires first confirming whether the most common morphs are favored at both local and regional scales. Empirical examples of this are uncommon and often include potentially confounding factors, such as a lack of knowledge of predator identity and behavior. …
Heterozygote advantage and pleiotropy contribute to intraspecific color trait variability
2022
The persistence of intrapopulation phenotypic variation typically requires some form of balancing selection because drift and directional selection eventually erode genetic variation. Heterozygote advantage remains a classic explanation for the maintenance of genetic variation in the face of selection. However, examples of heterozygote advantage, other than those associated with disease resistance, are rather uncommon. Across most of its distribution, males of the aposematic moth Arctia plantaginis have two hindwing phenotypes determined by a heritable one locus-two allele polymorphism (genotypes: WW/Wy = white morph, yy = yellow morph). Using genotyped moths, we show that the presence of o…
Weak warning signals can persist in the absence of gene flow
2019
Aposematic organisms couple conspicuous warning signals with a secondary defense to deter predators from attacking. Novel signals of aposematic prey are expected to be selected against due to positive frequency-dependent selection. How, then, can novel phenotypes persist after they arise, and why do so many aposematic species exhibit intrapopulation signal variability? Using a polytypic poison frog (Dendrobates tinctorius), we explored the forces of selection on variable aposematic signals using 2 phenotypically distinct (white, yellow) populations. Contrary to expectations, local phenotype was not always better protected compared to novel phenotypes in either population; in the white popul…
The impact of life stage and pigment source on the evolution of novel warning signal traits
2021
Our understanding of how novel warning color traits evolve in natural populations is largely based on studies of reproductive stages and organisms with endogenously produced pigmentation. In these systems, genetic drift is often required for novel alleles to overcome strong purifying selection stemming from frequency-dependent predation and positive assortative mating. Here, we integrate data from field surveys, predation experiments, population genomics, and phenotypic correlations to explain the origin and maintenance of geographic variation in a diet-based larval pigmentation trait in the redheaded pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei), a pine-feeding hymenopteran. Although our experiments c…
Diversity in warning coloration: selective paradox or the norm?
2019
Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency-dependent learning. However, widespread variation in warning signals is observed across closely related species, populations and, most problematically for evolutionary biologists, among individuals in the same population. Recent research has yielded an increased awareness of this diversity, challenging the paradigm of signal monomorphy in aposematic animals. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis of these disparate lines of investigation, identifying within them three broad classes of explanation for variation in aposematic warning signals: …
Venymis-lyhenemissyklityyppisen lihastyön aiheuttaman lihasvaurion vaikutus luurankolihasten verenvirtaukseen ja hapenkulutukseen
2004
Turunen Sini. 2004. Venymislyhenemissyklityyppisen lihastyön aiheuttaman lihasvaurion vaikutus luurankolihasten verenvirtaukseen ja hapenkulutukseen. Liikuntafysiologian Pro gradu –tutkielma. Liikuntabiologian laitos. Jyväskylän yliopisto. 73 sivua. Kuormituksen aiheuttaman lihasvaurion vaikutuksia luurankolihasten biokemiallisiin ja toiminnallisiin ominaisuuksiin on tutkittu laajasti. Kuormituksen aiheuttaman lihasvaurion aiheuttamista muutoksista luurankolihasten verenvirtauksessa tai hapenkulutuksessa kuormituksen aikana ei kuitenkaan ole tutkimustietoa. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää venymislyhenemissykli (SSC, stretch shortening cycle) tyyppisen lihastyön aiheuttaman lih…